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The ligament of the head of femur or ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) is the key to a graceful gait and understanding the causes of hip joint diseases. We present promising scientific knowledge necessary for preserving health, to create new implants and techniques of treating degenerative pathology and damage of the hip joint.

Project objective: preserving a normal gait and quality of life, helping to study of hip joint biomechanics, developing effective treatments for its diseases and injuries.

In translating to English, the author is assisted by ChatGPT (version 3.5) and the Google Translate service. We're sorry for any flaws in the syntax. The meaning makes up for the imperfections! 


   TABLES OF CONTENTS   

 ANCIENT MENTIONS (Early literary evidence and early authors...)

    • 976-1115Theophilus Protospatharius The author writes about the normal anatomy of the LCF and its connective function.
    • 1012-1024Avicenna The author writes about the localization and variant of the pathology LCF, leading to hip dislocation.
    • 1561DuboisJ The author translates a treatise by Galen «On Bones for Beginners » that describes the attachment and properties of LCF. 
    • 1564CornariusJ The author translates into Latin the treatise of Hippocrates Instruments of Redactions, which indicates the localization of LCF.
    • 1570FalloppioG The author briefly describes the ligaments of the hip joint, but does not directly mention the LCF. 
    • 1581CrassoPI Translations into Latin of the treatise by Rufus of Ephesus and Theophilus Protospatharius, mentioning LCF.
    • 1679ChartierR Part of the treatise by Hippocrates in Latin and Greek with the mention of LCF. 
    • 1735RasarioJB The author translates into Latin from Greek the treatise of Oribasius “Medical Collection”, which talks about LCF. 
    • 1745CocchiA The author translates into Latin from Greek the fragment of book Apollonii Citiensis “De articulis”, which mentioned about LCF.
    • 1858BussemakerUC_DarembergC The authors translate into French from Greek the treatise of Oribasius “Medical Collection”, which talks about LCF.
    • 1844LittreE Quote in Greek from the treatise «Mochlicus» (Instruments of Reductions) by Hippocrates of Cos mentioning LCF. 
    • 1886AdamsF The first mention of the LCF in a scientific text is found in the treatise «Mochlicus» (Instruments of Reductions), written by Hippocrates.
    • 2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV The first synonyms of the ligamentum teres (ligament of the head of femur, ligamentum capitis femoris) 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

ANNOUNCEMENTS AND NEWS (News about LCF, author’s announcements, surveys, questions...)

BIOMECHANICS AND MORPHOMECHANICS (On the relationship between the mechanics and morphology of the hip joint...) 

    • 1586PiccolominiA One of the first discussions of the biomechanics of the LCF with a description of its shape, mechanical properties and attachment.
    • 1728WaltherAF The selected excerpt discusses the anatomy, mechanical properties and function of the LCF.
    • 1836WeberW_WeberE Fragments from the book that laid the foundation of biomechanics of the hip joint considering the LCF. 
    • 1836-1840PartridgeR The author compared the LCF, in its function to a leathern straps by which the body of a carriage is suspended on springs.
    • 1856MeyerGH The author of the modern theory of biomechanics of the hip joint discusses the significant role of the LCF during walking and maintaining an upright posture.
    • 1857TurnerW The fragment of the «Human Anatomy and Physiology» narrates the involvement of the LCF in distributing loads across the femoral head. 
    • 1858HumphryGM In the presented excerpts, the author extensively discusses the anatomy, topography, structure, and function of the LCF.
    • 1873MeyerGH The author, based on anatomical observations, develops his view on the role of the LCF in limiting movements in the hip joint.
    • 1874SavoryWS In the article, the Sir W.S. Savory raises questions about the function of the LCF and notes that it «...is especially called into action whenever the weight of the body is thrown upon one leg».
    • New Biomechanics in Illustrations The New Biomechanics of the Hip Joint: Pictorial Essay.
    • Reasoning about Morphomechanics Chapter in a book: Archipov-Baltic S.V. Reasoning about Morphomechanics. The norm – Kaliningrad, 2004. [In Russian] / Original text: Архипов-Балтийский СВ. Рассуждение о морфомеханике. Норма. Калининград, 2004. 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

CATALOGS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES (Thematic and bibliographic lists...)

CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT (Medication, physiotherapy, hydrotherapy...)

    • The First Conservative Treatment The first attempt at treating post-traumatic changes in LCF with recurrent hip dislocations was made by Galen of Pergamon 19 centuries ago and described it in «Hippocratis de articulis liber et Galeni in eum commentarius quatus». 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

DIAGNOSTICS AND EXAMINATION (Diagnostic, examination and testing methods...)

    • Catalog. LCF Pathology Tests Tests for the detection of pathology LCF. 
    • 2004VialleR_GlorionC The article discusses the examination technique for dislocation of the femur and describes the radiographic symptom of infringement of the damaged LCF.
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

DISEASES AND INJURIES (Types of illnesses and injury...)

    • 1705PetitJL The author writes about anatomy, role, and damage of the LCF in hip dislocation. 
    • 1709PetitJL The author discusses the anatomy, role and damage of the LCF in hip dislocation, and also mentions the principle of treatment. 
    • 1726PalfinJ The author writes about the attachment and role of the LCF, and also reports its damage in hip dislocation.
    • 1747PlatnerJZ The author writes about the LCF as a durable structure that can be damaged and also pathologically change: weaken, lengthen and disappear. 
    • 1794(a)SommerringT The author describes the attachment, role, and absence of the LCF
    • 1823CooperA According to the author, the LCF is intended to prevent dislocations in all directions. 
    • 1835CooperAP The author discusses LCF injury during hip dislocation and notes the important role of its blood vessels in supplying the femoral head. 
    • 1838MalgaigneJF The author discusses the role and anatomy of the LCF, as well as its involvement in the blood supply to the femoral head.
    • 1844PetitJL Reprint of an 18th-century author's work discussing the anatomy, role and damage of the LCF in hip dislocation.
    • 1847FroriepR The author depicted the LCF in the consequences of traumatic and congenital hip dislocation. 
    • 1847DupuytrenG The author briefly discusses changes in the LCF in hip dysplasia and its role in supplying blood to the femoral head. 
    • 1851CooperAP The author discusses changes in the LCF during hip fractures and dislocations. 
    • 1855BichatX The author describes the anatomy and possible types of damage to the LCF.
    • 1869BigelowHJ The author discusses of the LCF in hip dislocations.
    • 1873AdamsR The author discusses pathological changes in the LCF in chronic osteoarthritis of the hip joint. 
    • 1874NelatonA The author discusses the anatomy, damage in hip dislocations, and briefly the role of the LCF.
    • 2019(a)ArkhipovSV_SkvortsovDV For the first time, damage to the ligament of the head of femur in humans and the mechanism of injury are described in the Bible. Read more in the article: Ligamentum capitis femoris: first written mentions. 
    • 2024SarıkayaB_AltayMA Histological Structure and Immunohistochemical Properties of the Ligamentum Teres in Patients With Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip.
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.
embryology AND development (embryology, development...) 
    • 1841BarkowHCL The author discusses development, anatomy and function of the LCF. 
    • 1864RambaudA_RenaultC The authors describe the development of the hip joint in children and mention the place of attachment of the LCF.
    • 1878WelckerH In the article, the author discusses the embryonic development of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in humans and certain animals (pinnipeds, tapirs). 
    • 1880SchusterH The article discusses the embryonic development of the LCF in humans and some animals. 
    • 1889AmantiniC Selected excerpts from the article examine the role of the LCF vessels in the blood supply to the femoral head. 
    • 1894KeithA The paper discusses the development, anatomy, strength, and presence of the ligamentum LCF in various monkeys. 
    • 1943StrayerJrLM The author describes in detail the embryonic development, attachment and structure of the LCF.  
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

ENDOPROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS (Fixators, endoprostheses, implants, instrument...)

  • Articles
    • 2021ArkhipovSV_SkvortsovDV Ligamentum Teres and its Analog in the Hip Endoprosthesis–Necessary or Superfluous? A Systematic Review. 
  • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS (Causes of diseases and mechanisms of occurrence...)

    • 1521Berengario da CarpiJ The author comments on the treatise by Mondino de Luzzi, describes the form, role and symptoms of LCF damage.
    • 1615PaawP The author describes the attachment areas of the LCF, notes its role in blood supply, innervation, pathogenesis of inflammation and pain. 
    • 1681SylviusF The author only hints at LCF when discussing hip dislocation.
    • 1720RuyschF The author draws attention to the well-developed blood supply of the acetabular fossa, as well as the LCF.
    • Perthes disease. Pathogenesis An original view on the pathogenesis of Perthes' disease (femoral head osteochondropathy, Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease).
    • Congenital Hip Dislocation. Pathogenesis  An original view on the pathogenesis of congenital hip dysplasia, congenital dislocation and subluxation of the hip.
    • Aseptic Necrosis. Pathogenesis An original view on the pathogenesis of aseptic (avascular) necrosis of the femoral head.
    • Hip Osteoarthritis. Pathogenesis An original view on the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis of the hip joint. 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS (Observed effects of norm and pathology, experiments on models...)

    • 1672GengaB The author reports for the first time a case of absence of the LCF in both hip joints.  

    • 1725SaltzmannJ_NicolaiHA The authors report the absence of LCF in an elderly woman.

    • 1751HallerA The author describes a case of absence of LCF from two sides.

    • 1783BonnA The author describes cases of absence of the LCF and the fossa of the femoral head.

    • 1779SandifortE The author reports the absence of LCF.

    • 1823GerdyPN The author observes the displacement of the femoral head from the acetabulum when the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) is stretched. 

    • 1841StanleyE The article is mainly devoted to pathological hip dislocations and changes in the LCF.

    • 1858StruthersJ One of the early works dedicated to the experimental study of the function of the LCF.

    • 1863StruthersJ The work is devoted to an experimental study of the function of LCF. 

    • 1865RoseE The author describes his own experiments on the hip joint and mentions the LCF. 

    • 1875BrauneW The author found that the LCF prevents hip supination and adduction, especially during flexion.

    • 1879MorrisH The author discusses the anatomy of the LCF and describes his experiments to study its movement. 

    • 1882MorrisH The article is devoted to studying the function of the LCF in an experiment. 

    • 1892GilisP An article about the role of LCF and its strength.

    • 2019(b)ArkhipovSV_SkvortsovDV Ligamentum capitis femoris a pilot experimental study on a mechanical model of the hip joint. 

    • Ossification of the LCF. X-ray and morphological observations.
    • 2018FreitasA_BandeiraVC. Traumatic Open Anterior Hip Dislocation in an Adult Male: A Case Report (the authors documented avulsion of the LCF from the acetabulum). 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

FUN FACTS (Interesting and curious information...)

HISTORY OF THE STUDY (Reconstruction of the chronology of scientific achievements and events...)

    • The First Scientific Mention (video) The first described of the LCF is Hippocrates (ca. 460-370 BCE). 
    • 1495Johannes de Ketham An excerpt from the treatise by Mondino de Luzzi describing the anatomy and role of LCF damage in the genesis of hip diseases.
    • 1541MondinoL_DryanderJ An early description of the anatomy and role of the LCF is presented. 
    • 1550CortiM An early description (Mondino) of the anatomy and role of LCF is presented, and a rare synonym is mentioned.
    • 1725AndryN The author who proposed the term «orthopedics» and its symbol, taught us about the function of the LCF in the essay «Examen de divers points d'anatomie, de chirurgie, de physique, de medecine...». 
    • 1957SingerC The author discusses the connective function of the LCF, as well as its damage in hip dislocation and pathological transformation. 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.
IMAGES AND VIDEOS (Drawings, diagrams, photographs, videos...)

MECHANICS AND ROBOTICS (Mechanics, robot, pedipulator, manipulator)

    • 2009(a)ArkhipovSV Stepping machine. Application for invention № 2009137007. 
    • 2014ArkhipovSV_ArkhipovaAS Hinge with flexible elements. Application for invention № 2014142675. 
    • 2014ArkhipovaAS Mobile biomorphic platforms with analogues of natural locomotion algorithms. Oral presentation at the International Olympics Space for school students.
    • 2015(a)ArkhipovSV_ArkhipovaAS Anthropomorphic stepping platform. Application for invention № 2015134113. 
    • 2015(b)ArkhipovSV_ArkhipovaAS Stand for testing cylindrical and ball hinges. Application for invention № 2015102125. 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

MECHANISMS OF DAMAGE (Processes and circumstances leading to injuries...)

    • 1801BellJ The author discusses hip injuries and the mechanism of LCF injury.
    • 2009LampertC The article mentions the possibility of damage to the LCF due to sudden twisting of the hip joint.
    • 2019(a)ArkhipovSV_SkvortsovDV For the first time, damage to the ligament of the head of femur in humans and the mechanism of injury are described in the Bible. Read more in the article: Ligamentum capitis femoris: first written mentions. 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

MORE ABOUT THE BLOG   (Goals and objectives, about the author, collaboration proposals, disclaimer, privacy policy, copyright...) 

MORPHOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY (Anatomy, histology, embryology, topography in normal and pathological conditions...)

    • 1559ColomboMR Selected fragments of the treatise describe the topography, function, geometric and physical properties of the LCF. 
    • 1603IngrassiaeIP The author writes about the topography of LCF, its geometric and mechanical properties.
    • 1698CowperW The author writes about the anatomy, attachment and function of the LCF
    • 1705RuyschF The author describes the anatomical preparation containing the LCF, notes its areas of attachment, geometric and mechanical properties. 
    • 1726AlbinusBS The author describes the attachment areas of the LCF, as well as mentions the role of the adipose tissue of the acetabular cavity and the vessels entering it.
    • 1726HeisterC The author briefly writes about the anatomy and role of the LCF. 
    • 1732KulmusJA The author briefly writes [Lat] about the anatomy, properties and attachment of the LCF.
    • 1732WinslowJB The author writes in detail about the anatomy, structure and synonyms of LCF. 
    • 1734KulmusJA The author briefly writes [Fra] about the anatomy, properties and attachment of the LCF. 
    • 1736NesbittR The author mentions the proximal attachment region of the LCF.
    • 1738FabriciusH Selected fragments of the treatise describe the topography, function, geometric and physical properties of the LCF, as well as its injury during hip dislocation.
    • 1739LimburgA  The author briefly writes about the LCF. 
    • 1740KulmusJA The author briefly writes [Deu] about the anatomy, properties and attachment of the LCF.
    • 1741HeisterL The author describe the anatomy and topography LCF.
    • 1742WeitbrechtJ The author describes the prismatic shape of the LCF and the areas of its attachment.
    • 1743SchwenckeT A photocopy and preliminary translation of a forgotten scientific article dedicated to the anatomy of the LCF. 
    • 1750DrakeJ The author does not name the LCF, but accurately describes its appearance (short, thick, and round), and indicates the attachment points.
    • 1751BöhmerPA The author describes the topography, mechanical properties and role of the роль LCF.  
    • 1756HallerA The author describes the sources of blood supply to the LCF. 
    • 1758MonroA The author writes about the attachment, role and strength of the LCF. 
    • 1762MorgagniJB The author mentions the properties and localization of LCF.
    • 1776LieutaudJ The author describes the form, attachment, function of the LCF and discusses its name. 
    • 1783(a)MayerJCA The author describes the shape and areas of attachment of the LCF.
    • 1783(b)MayerJCA The author notes the place of attachment of the LCF.
    • 1786BlumenbachJF The author briefly writes about the anatomy and attachment of the LCF. 
    • 1796LoschgeFH The author writes about the attachment and function of the LCF.
    • 1798LauthT The author describes the structure, geometric properties and attachment of the LCF.
    • 1803PortalA The author writes about synonyms, the anatomy and attachment options of the LCF, and also mentions cases where it is missing.
    • 1808BellJ The author describes the anatomy of the LCF and its synovial membrane.
    • 1816MeckelJF The author discusses the anatomy and function of the LCF, and also identifies one of the reasons for its damage. 
    • 1816CloquetJH In the passage, the author describes the anatomy of the LCF, and also mentions several synonyms. 
    • 1819MitchellE_BarclayJ The authors expressed the opinion: LCF movements stimulate the production of synovial fluid, and restricts the translational movements of the femoral head.
    • 1820PallettaGB The author extensively describes the topography, structure, and blood supply of the LCF. 
    • 1824BarclayJ The author expressed the opinion: LCF movements stimulate the production of synovial fluid, and restricts the translational movements of the femoral head. 
    • 1832MeckelJF The author briefly discusses abnormalities of the LCF and its distal insertion. 
    • 1836MunzM The author briefly writes about the anatomy and function of the LCF.
    • 1837CruveilhierJ The author discusses the anatomy and role of the LCF, while denying its mechanical significance. 
    • 1838BlandinPF The author describes the anatomy and mechanical properties of the LCF. 
    • 1839WeberMI The author examines the anatomy, properties of the LCF and uses several synonyms.
    • 1840RosenmüllerJC The author provides basic information about the LCF and its function.
    • 1841BarkowHCL The author discusses development, anatomy and function of the LCF. 
    • 1842LangenbeckCJM The author discusses the anatomy, role and synonyms of the LCF.
    • 1844CruveilhierJ The author discusses the anatomy and role of the LCF. 
    • 1845ArnoldF The author briefly describes the anatomy of the LCF and notes its role in supporting the pelvis when the body is in an upright position. 
    • 1845HollsteinL The author discusses the anatomy of the LCF, and mentions its synonyms. 
    • 1849QuainJ The author writes about the anatomy and function of the LCF and mentions synonyms.
    • 1850SappeyMPC The author expresses the opinion that the primary role of the LCF is to protect the blood vessels supplying the femoral head. 
    • 1851HyrtlJ The author expresses a classic view on the functions of the LCF: a conductor of blood vessels and a limiter of adduction of the femur. 
    • 1853KnoxR The author points out that LCF is a thick and dense bundle of fibers. 
    • 1853JamainA The author briefly describes the anatomy of the LCF, noting its three points of proximal attachment.
    • 1855WalbaumCFE The author reports the presence of blood vessels in the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), and its mechanical significance in the prenatal period.
    • 1856HenleJ The author examines in detail the structure, shape and blood supply of the LCF. 
    • 1857HyrtlJ The author discusses the anatomy, structure, and role of the LCF (a conductor of inflammatory processes). 
    • 1857RichetA Fragments of the book are devoted to the anatomy of the LCF. 
    • 1857RüdingerN The author found that the inferior branch of the obturator nerve reaches the LCF.
    • 1858GrayH Selected fragments of the "classical" anatomy of the LCF and original illustrations of Henry Carter. 
    • 1861HoldenL The author discusses the attachment and anatomy of the LCF. 
    • 1864RambaudA_RenaultC The authors describe the development of the hip joint in children and mention the place of attachment of the LCF.
    • 1865LangerC The author discusses the structure of the LCF and notes the presence of a cavity filled with vessels and loose fiber. 
    • 1865HollsteinL The author discusses the anatomy and role of the LCF, and mentions its synonyms too.
    • 1867GrayH Selected fragments of the "classical" anatomy of the LCF and original illustrations.
    • 1867CruveilhierJ The author discusses the anatomy of the LCF and denies mechanical significance. 
    • 1864LuschkaH The author reports the presence of three bundles in the fibrous base of the LCF.  
    • 1868AebyCT The author believed that the LCF is the internal capsule of the joint. 
    • 1868BeaunisH_BouchardA The authors briefly describe the anatomy of the LCF and its role.
    • 1875HeitzmannC The author briefly describes the topography and blood supply of the LCF, and also supplements the text with original illustrations. 
    • 1876SappeyMPC The author summarized the basic information about LCF.
    • 1877WelckerH The author discusses differences in the relative strength and size of the LCF in humans at different ages.
    • 1878WelckerH In the article, the author discusses the embryonic development of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in humans and certain animals (pinnipeds, tapirs). 
    • 1878QuainJ The author writes about the anatomy and function of the LCF and mentions several synonyms too.
    • 1879 Krause CFT The author discusses the attachment and shape of the LCF, and lists several of its lesser-known synonyms.
    • 1880SchusterH The article discusses the embryonic development of the LCF in humans and some animals. 
    • 1881HartmannR The author discusses the shape, anatomy of the LCF, mentions its synonyms and cases of absence in animals.
    • 1882LangerC In the work, the author focuses on the presence in the LCF of strong fibrous bundles attached to the bones. 
    • 1882ReevesHA The author describes the anatomy of the LCF and its role.
    • 1883MorelC_DuvalM The selected passages on the LCF and its function. 
    • 1883GegenbaurC The author denies the mechanical significance of the LCF.
    • 1886LesshaftP According to the author, the LCF reduces shocks and impacts of the articular surfaces. 
    • 1886PanschA The author believes that the LCF is a synovial process and briefly writes about its anatomy and function.
    • 1887GrayH Selected fragments of LCF anatomy and original illustrations of Henry Carter with additional drawings in later editions. 
    • 1887HeitzmannC The author briefly describes the topography and blood supply of the LCF, and also supplements the text with original illustrations (eng. ed.).
    • 1892PoirierPJ The selected passages summarized the basic information about LCF obtained by the end of the 19th century. 
    • 1889AmantiniC Selected excerpts from the article examine the role of the LCF vessels in the blood supply to the femoral head. 
    • 1890DebierreC The author discusses the anatomy and briefly the role of the LCF.
    • 1904FickR Fragments of the book summarize the basic information about LCF obtained by the beginning of the 20th century. 
    • 1904TestutL Fragments of the book recapitulate the basic information about LCF anatomy obtained by the beginning of the 20th century.
    • 1908GrayH Selected fragments of LCF anatomy and illustrations.
    • 1918GrayH Selected fragments of LCF anatomy and color illustrations.
    • 2015DehaoBW_YoungJLS Understanding the ligamentum teres of the hip: a histological study. 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

MYTHS AND MISCONCEPTIONS (Erroneous and folkloric beliefs, folk and traditional stories...)

    • LCF in English Bibles The first written mention of the LCF in humans is found in the ancient Hebrew book – Bereshit (Genesis). In English translations of the Bible, LCF is denoted by various terms, often not explicitly referring to the «ligament». 
    • 135-170Yehudah ben Ilai The religious scholar points out the distal attachment site of the LCF and demonstrates knowledge of the possibility of its injury.
    • 1039-1065Giorgi Mtatsmindeli The translator mentions the LCF damage, and notes its presence in animals.
    • 1120-1140Judah Halevi The author mentions LCF (גיד) of mammals.
    • 1176-1178(a)Rambam The author mentions the pathology of LCF (גיד) in humans and points out the presence of this structure in animals.
    • 1176-1178(b)Rambam The author writes about the localization of LCF (גיד) ) and distinguishes it from a tendon, blood vessel or nerve.
    • 1185-1235David Kimchi The author writes about the localization, purpose, and injury of the LCF (גיד), and also talks about its presence in adult animals and embryos. 
    • 1190Rambam The author mentions a variant of the pathology LCF (גיד) in humans.
    • 1220-1260Hezekiah ben Manoah The author briefly mentions LCF (גיד) of animals.
    • 1255-1285Sefer HaChinukh The author mentions LCF (גיד) of animals.
    • 1290-1310Bahya ben Asher The author discusses the damage to the LCF (גיד), its strength, role and shape, mentioning the presence of this structure in animals.
    • 1270-1340Jacob ben Asher The author mentions LCF (גיד) damage in humans and notes its presence in animals.
    • 1482-1548BartenuraO The author refers to the LCF of animals using the term "גיד".
    • 1742Chaim_ben_Attar The author mentions the LCF of man and animal, calling this formation “גיד הנשה” (gid ha-nashe). 
    • 1802PaleyW Mention of the LCF in theological literature. 
    • 1922LeeserI The fragment from the Book of Genesis recounts the journey of the family of Patriarch Jacob from Charan to Canaan (Gen. 31:1 – 33:20). In the provided excerpt of the ancient text, for the first time in history, the injury to the LCF of a man is mentioned (Gen. 32:26,33). 
    • The Shortest Comments on Genesis, Chap. XXXII-XXXIII In the selected excerpt, the symptoms, mechanism, and differential diagnostic test for the injury to LCF are provided, along with details about the circumstances, time, and place of the biblical trauma. 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

NON-SCIENTIFIC SYNONYMS (Terms used in non-scientific works...)

    • Basic Non-scientific Synonyms Basic non-scientific synonyms of the term «ligament of head of femur» (ligamentum capitis femoris) 
    • 344-411Rufinus Aquileiensis In Josephus's translation of Antiquities of the Jews, ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) is referred to as «neruum».
    • 1653WaltonB The mentions about LCF in the Bible (Hebrew, Aramaic, Samaritan Hebrew, Samaritan, Syriac, Arabic, Greek, Latin). 
    • 1888LuringHLE The dissertation author showed that the LCF, mentioned in the Book of Bereshit (Genesis), could be designated by the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph mt/met. 
    • 1923PreussJ The author translates the biblical term "גיד" into scientific language as LCF and notes the possibility of its damage in an animal.  
    • 2004PreussJ The author translates the biblical term "גיד" into scientific language as LCF and notes the possibility of its damage in an animal. 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.
NOTABLE ANNOTATIONS (Briefly about interesting publications by other authors...)
    • 2022PerumalV_BaconCJ Ligamentum teres lesions are associated with poorer patient outcomes in a large primary hip arthroscopy cohort of 1,935 patients. 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see the section link.
PRE-SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE (Early non-scientific information and religious publications...)
    • 2016CohenY The first mention of LCF on an Akkadian cuneiform tablet 4000-3600 years old.
    • 2018CohenY Discussion of the first mention of LCF in an Akkadian text from the period 2000-1600 BCE. 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.
PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION (Methods for preventing the development of pathology and rehabilitative treatment...)

    • The First Publication on Prevention The first publication on the prevention of LCF injury is the abstract of the report: «Arkhipov-Baltiysky S.V. On the enhancement of safety in high-altitude jumps». 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

REVIEWS AND CLASSIFICATIONS (Various groupings of concepts and overview publications...)

    • 1893MoserE We present to your attention a review article summarizing the information about LCF available at the end of the 19th century.
    • Set of Classification The use of the provided classifiers will enable a more comprehensive description of LCF pathology and facilitate the identification of rational methods for treatment and restoration of its function.
    • Classification of Functions of LCF The proposed classification of LCF functions is based on an analysis of literary sources, experimental and clinical studies of the author.
    • 2016ArkhipovaAS Classification of joints with flexible elements.
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.
ROLE ANDSIGNIFICANCE (Articles on the role, significance, function, effects...)
    • 1730CheseldenW The author draws attention to the role of LCF in counteracting hip dislocation and maintaining the femoral head in the joint. 
    • 1733CheseldenW The author describes the anatomy, function and topography of the LCF. 
    • 1754BertinEJ The author discusses the anatomy and role of the LCF, and also mentions the debate about the correct name. 
    • 1763WaltherJG The author indicates the location of the proximal attachment of the LCF and its role.
    • 1830HildebrandtGF_WeberEH The handbook records one of the early notions about the function of the LCF as a suspensory structure. 
    • 1833GerdyPN The author describes for the first time the effect of unloading the upper articular surfaces when tensioning the LCF. 
    • 1859PirogoffN The author describes a frozen cadaver study of LCF movement during hip movements.
    • 1863StruthersJ The work is devoted to an experimental study of the function of LCF. 
    • 1863HenkeW The author identified tension in the LCF during hip supination and noted the involvement of hip joint ligaments in maintaining a «relaxed» posture.
    • 1876WelckerH In the article, the author discusses for the first time the role of the LCF in distributing synovial fluid in the hip joint. 
    • 1877HoffmannCEE According to the author, the role of LCF in the blood supply to the femoral head in children.
    • 1879TillauxPJ The author discusses the anatomy, topography, and role of the LCF. 
    • 1888BuissonGPE Dissertation devoted to the study of the LCF function.
    • 1910FickR Author discusses the function of the LCF. This book is not yet available to us.
    • 2008ArkhipovSV On the role of the ligamentum capitis femoris in the maintenance of different types of erect posture.
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

SCIENTIFIC SYNONYMS (Known terms used in scientific literature...)

    • Basic Scientific Synonyms Basic scientific synonyms of the term «ligament of head of femur» (ligamentum capitis femoris) 
    • 1527BenedettiA The author explains the origin of the rare synonym of LCF – ischion. 
    • 1541PolluxJ In Greek the author calls LCF «ἰσχίον», and the translator designates the concept of «ligament/sinew» with the term «neruus».
    • 1632SpiegeliusA The author describes the attachment and properties of the LCF and synonym «teres cartilagineum» is mentioned. 
    • 1649RiolanJ The author discusses the areas of attachment of LCF, physical properties and mentions several rare synonyms. 
    • 1673BartholinT The author talks about the topography, attachment, physical and geometric properties of LCF.
    • 1706PolluxJ The author refers to LCF as "νεῦρον" and also points out the synonym "ἰσχίον".
    • 1717HermannD The author indicates the distal area of attachment of the LCF and uses a rare synonym.
    • 1768LeCatCN The author lists synonyms for LCF in French.
    • 1795LevelingHM The author mentions LCF using a rare synonym in German: runden Hängeband.
    • 1803SchregerCHT The author has collected several synonyms for the term “ligamentum” and “ligamentum capitis femoris” in German, Latin, Italian, Greek and French. 
    • 1880HyrtlJ The author describes the various synonyms of the LCF, before the entire ligamentum teres. 
    • 2019FIPAT Current terms for LCF according to the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology.
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

SPORTS AND DANCE (Relevance for athletes, dancers, ballet artists, and circus performers...)

    • 2016MayesS_CookJ Atraumatic tears of the LCF are more frequent in professional ballet dancers than a sporting population. 
    • 2005ByrdJT The authors found that the most common hip injuries in athletes include labral pathology, articular damage, and disruption of the LCF.
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

SURGERY (Osteotomy, arthroplasty, arthroscopy, ligamentoplasty...)

THEORY ANDHYPOTHESES (A set of theoretical provisions and assumptions about the function...)

    • Australopithecus Gait LCF in Australopithecus determined a gait characterized by short step lengths and minimal arm swings. 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

Twitter or X (Publications on platform X or Twitter)

VETERINARYMEDICINE (Pathology in animals and methods of treatment...)

ZOOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY (Information on the presence in existing and extinct animals...)

    • LCF of Pithecanthropus In the hip joint of Pithecanthropus (Pithecanthropus erectus, Homo erectus 2.12-0.43 Ma), there was a LCF.
    • LCF of Australopithecus The Australopithecus afarensis (3.2 Ma) had a ligament of the head of femur. 
    • 1835OwenR The author discusses the absence of the LCF in chimpanzees, orangutans and some other mammals.
    • 1851BarkowHCL The author briefly describes LCF in the tiger and llama. 
    • 1869MivartG The author discusses his observations of LCF absence in chimpanzees and orangutans. 
    • 1880HuxleyTH The author writes about the presence and absence of LCF in some animal species.
    • 1883SuttonJB According to the author, the LCF is a tendon of the pectineus muscle, separated from it in consequence of skeletal modifications. 
    • 1884SuttonJB The author discovered that in the ostrich the LCF was not continuous with the ambiens muscle. 
    • 1885FlowerWH The author notes the presence of the LCF in almost all mammals and lists the species in which it is absent.
    • 1885SuttonJB The author lists the species of animals in which he did not find the LCF.
    • 1887SuttonJB According to the author, the LCF is a modified tendon of the pectineus muscle. 
    • 2009FrandsonRD_FailsAD The authors discuss the terminology, structure, and role of the LCF in the horse.
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

THE DOCTRINE OF LCF

    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

21st Century: Catalog of archived publications of the specified period.

    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

20th Century: Catalog of archived publications of the specified period.

    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

19th Century: Catalog of archived publications of the specified period.

    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

18th Century: Catalog of archived publications of the specified period.

    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

17th Century: Catalog of archived publications of the specified period.

    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

16th Century: Catalog of archived publications of the specified period.

    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

11th–15th Century: Catalog of archived publications of the specified period.

    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

1st–10th Century: Catalog of archived "publications" of the specified period.

    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

1st Millennium BCE: Catalog of evidence for the specified period.

    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

8000–1000 BCE: Catalog of evidence for the specified period.

    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

999–10 Kya: Catalog of evidence for the specified period.

    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.
NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE: Evidence from 8,000 to 2,000 years BCE
    • Chinchorro Mummies The practice of embalming and disarticulations in South America 5050-1720 years BCE.
    • Human LCF intersection Probably the first postmortem intersection of the human LCF 8000-4500 years ago.
    • Hip disarticulation of the human Postmortem surgery with intersection of the LCF in humans 15-12.5 thousand years ago.
    • Australian Aborigines Anatomical drawings of the indigenous people of Australia created 24-5 thousand years ago.
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

CHIEFS OF CREATION: Evidence from 999 to 10,000 years ago

    • Homo ergaster The species flourished in the period 1.8-0.6 million years ago.
    • Homo antecessor. Hip disarticulation A case of disarticulation aged over 780 thousand years.
    • Pithecanthropus erectus LCF of a human ancestor who lived 540-430 thousand years ago on the island of Java.
    • Homo heidelbergensis Signs of LCF in a human ancestor who lived 600-200 thousand years ago in Europe.
    • Homo neanderthalensis A close relative of humans who flourished 500-30 thousand years ago.
    • Homo naledi A species that lived in southern Africa 335-236 thousand years ago.
    • Homo floresiensis A human ancestor who lived on the island of Flores 190-50 thousand years ago.
    • Australian Aborigines Anatomical drawings of the indigenous people of Australia created 24-5 thousand years ago.
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section.

FIRST STAGES OF EVOLUTION: Evidence from 500-1 million years ago

AT THE BEGINNING OF TIMES: Evidence from 13.8-0.5 billion years ago 

FACEBOOK (publications in the group LIGAMENTUM CAPITIS FEMORIS and this social network)

    • A FACEBOOK section has been created (About publications in this social network).
    • FACEBOOK GROUP On creating a group. 
    • NB! For a complete list of publications, see in the section. 


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INFERIOR PORTAL FOR HIP ARTHROSCOPY

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  Combined PDF version of the article: Arkhipov SV. Arkhipov SV. Inferior Portal for Hip A rthroscopy: A Pilot Experimental Study. This page contains a photocopy of the publication. The links for downloading the PDF version and the addresses of the online versions are given below.  The original in Russian is available at the link: Нижний портал для артроскопии тазобедренного сустава . 
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Inferior Portal. Part 1.

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  Original in Russian is available at the link:  Нижний портал. Часть 1.  below is a machine translation edited by a non-native speaker  ( version dated 03/02/2025 ) .     INFERIOR PORTAL FOR HIP ARTHROSCOPY: A PILOT STUDY PART 1. Background and Hypothesis Arkhipov S.V., Independent Researcher, Joensuu, Finland Abstract: The article presents, theoretically and graphically substantiates the technique of a new arthroscopic approach to the central compartment of the hip joint. It is proposed to introduce the optical system of the arthroscope from below through the acetabular notch without traction. Similar approaches were used for puncture, arthroscopy, arthrography, and arthrotomy of the hip joint. Diagnostics using the described lower portal will exclude complications caused by distraction of the leg and compression of the perineal support during surgery.   CONTENTS PART 1. Background and Hypothesis [1] . Introduction [2] . Passage through t...
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LCF in 2025 (February)

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Online Journal «ABOUT ROUND LIGAMENT OF FEMUR», February 2025

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2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV

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  Ancient Textual Sources on Ligamentum Teres: Context and Transmission S.V. Arkhipov, I.V. Prolygina   KEYWORDS: ancient medicine; ancient traumatology; Galen; Hippocrates; hip joint; ligamentum capitis femoris; ligament of head of femur; ligamentum teres. SUMMARY Background. One of the least researched anatomical structures of the human body is the ligament of head of femur, most often referred to as ligamentum teres. The history of the nomination of this term, medical contexts of its use, the etymology and the first synonyms (Figure 1) are not sufficiently understood. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to present the most complete collection of evidence from ancient medical authors about the term ligamentum teres, trace the history of its nomination and analyze the gradual changes in the level of knowledge about the anatomy, mechanical and geometric properties of this structure, its pathology and treatment methods. Methods. The study is based on an inter...
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Inferior Portal. Part 2.

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  Original in Russian is available at the link:  Нижний портал. Часть 2.  below is a machine translation edited by a non-native speaker.     INFERIOR PORTAL FOR HIP ARTHROSCOPY: A PILOT STUDY PART 2.  Inferior Portal Prototypes Arkhipov S.V., Independent Researcher, Joensuu, Finland   CONTENTS PART 1.  Background and Hypothesis [1] . Introduction [2] .  Passage through the Inferior Portal [3] .  Main Advantages of the Proposed Technique [4] .  Specific Risks of the Proposed Technique [5] .  Main Limitations of the Proposed Technique [6] . References (Part 1)   PART 2. Inferior Portal Prototypes [7] . Open Reduction [8] .  Puncture and Arthrography [9] . Arthroscopy and Debridement [10] . References (Part 2)   [7] . Open  R eduction   Our idea to reduce the trauma of hip joint surgery through an inferior approach has a rich history. In the spring of 1907, Professor Karl Rudolf Ludloff (1864-1945, photo )...
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2012MansmannKA

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  Invention (Patent Application Publication): Mansmann KA. Tendon-sparing implants for arthroscopic replacement of hip cartilage. WO2012162571A1 (2012).  The original text of the document contained defects.   WO2012162571A1S US Inventor: Kevin A. Mansmann Worldwide applications 2012 WO Application PCT/US2012/039481 events: 2012-05-24 Application filed by Mansmann Kevin A 2012-11-29 Publication of WO2012162571A1   Tendon-sparing implants for arthroscopic replacement of hip cartilage Kevin A. Mansmann   Abstract Surgical implant devices are disclosed which will allow completely arthroscopic resurfacing of the acetabular socket, and the femoral head, in hip joints, in both humans, and in animals such as dogs. Such devices, made of flexible polymers with smooth articulating surfaces and porous anchoring surfaces, can be provided with centered openings, to allow a surgeon to spare the major ligament (the ligamentum teres) which connects the femoral head to the pelv...
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1847FroriepR

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  The author, one of the first pathologists in Europe, the first to draw changes in the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in the consequences of traumatic and congenital hip dislocation. Froriep R. Tafeln über die Luxationen: aus den "Chirurgischen Kupfertafeln" einer auserlesenen Sammlung der nöthigsten Abbildungen von äusselich sichtbaren Krankheitsformen, anatomischen Präparaten, Instrumenten, Bandagen und Operations-Verfahren au dem Gebiete der Chirurgie, zum Gebrauch für praktische Chirurgen zusammengestellt. Meimar: Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, 1847. [fragments]   Luxatio. XIII. 2. Ansicht von anatomischen Präparaten über verschiedene nicht eingerichtete Schenkel Luxationen. Fig. 3. c) Schenkelknochen; d) Großer Trochanter; f) Kopf des Schenkels; g) Neues Kapselligament; h) Abgerissenes ligamentum teres. Dislocation. XIII. 2. View of anatomical preparations of various unset dislocations of the hip. Fig. 3...
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50-135Akiva ben Joseph

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  Saying of Akiva ben Joseph extracted from the book  Mekilta de-Rabbi Yishmael  (ca. 200). Tractate was written in Israel, and interprets about a quarter of the chapters in Exodus. The rabbi mentions the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) of the animal. See our commentary at the link: 50-135Akiva ben Joseph [Rus]. Quote [Heb] Tractate Kaspa. 5:19 (original source:  sefaria.org ) Translation Quote [Eng] Tractate Kaspa. 5:19 R. Akiva says: It need not be written (that eating meat and milk is forbidden), for it follows a fortiori, viz.: If the thigh sinew (gid hanasheh), which is not forbidden to be cooked, is forbidden to be eaten, then meat and milk, which is forbidden to be cooked, how much more so should it be forbidden to be eaten! (Transl. by Rabbi_Shraga_Silverstein; original source:  sefaria.org ) External links Mekilta de-Rabbi Yishmael .  ca. 200 . [ sefaria.org  ,  jewishencyclopedia.com ] Authors & Affiliations Akiva ben Joseph (Rabbi...
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911-612bcK2453

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  Fragment of the text of clay tablet K 2453 (Nineveh; ca. 911-612 BC; maybe 5000-4000 BC). A recommendation for a ritual or magical act may mention the sheep's ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). See our commentary at the link: 911-612bcK2453 [Rus]. Quote [Akk] Clay tablet К 2453 (original source: photo  by Ashurbanipal Library Project   cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de , text: 1906 ThompsonRC , plate. 12). Translation [Eng] Clay tablet К 2453 (reverse ) 42. (if a man’s leg is affected) SA ÚR UDU.NITÁ ša GÙB teleqqe you take the sinew from the left thigh of a sheep ( original source: 1992RothMT , p. 312). ( original source:  Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative   cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de )  External links Clay tablet; CT 23, pl. 05-14, K 02453 + (P365736). Nineveh (mod. Kuyunjik), Neo-Assyrian period (ca. 911-612 BC). [ cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de , ebl.lmu.de ] Thompson RC. Cuneiform Texts. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.  P...
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