Catalog. Classifications of LCF Pathology

The classifications are intended to systematize of ligamentum capitis femoris pathology and assist in the development of general approaches to its description, registration, analysis and treatment.

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, hip joint, histology, pathological anatomy, pathology, trauma

INTRODUCTION

In Russia, the initial attempts to classify pathology of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) were made by morphologists. The development of arthroscopic surgery has made it possible to identify various, previously undescribed types of LCF pathology, which prompted the development of various modern classifications based on intraoperative observations. Analysis of literature data and our own morphological observations allowed us to propose a General Classification of the Ligamentum Teres Pathology, which has the form of a collection of classifiers, as well as a Classification of Functions of the Ligamentum Teres. The classifications are intended to systematize its pathology and assist in the development of general approaches to its description, registration, analysis, and treatment.

CATALOG

Classifications of LCF pathology

Гаевская ЛИ. Топографо-анатомические особенности связочного аппарата тазобедренного сустава и их значение для клиники: дис. ... канд. мед. наук. Ленинград, 1954.

Кованов ВВ, Травин АА. Хирургическая анатомия нижних конечностей. Москва, 1963. [1lib.sk]

Arkhipov SV. Classification of functions of the ligamentum teres. Ligamentum teres - ligamentum incognitum. 07.06.2020. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.32089.34403 [researchgate.net]

Arkhipov SV. General classification of the ligamentum teres pathology. Vers. 2.0.1, 41 sections, 343 paragraphs and subparagraphs. Update: 07.06.2020. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.25378.45769 [researchgate.net]

Botser IB, Martin DE, Stout CE, Domb BG. Tears of the ligamentum teres: prevalence in hip arthroscopy using 2 classification systems. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(1):117S-25S. [journals.sagepub.com]

Cerezal L, Kassarjian A, Canga A, Dobado MC, Montero JA, Llopis E, Pérez-Carro L. Anatomy, biomechanics, imaging, and management of ligamentum teres injuries. Radiographics. 2010;30(6):1637-51. [pubs.rsna.org]

Devitt B.M., Smith B., Stapf R., Jo S., O’Donnell JM: The reliability of commonly used arthroscopic classifications of ligamentum teres pathology. J Hip Preserv Surg 2017;4(2):187-93. [scholar.google]

Gray AJ, Villar RN. The ligamentum teres of the hip: an arthroscopic classification of its pathology. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 1997;13(5):575-8. [sciencedirect.com]

O’Donnell JM, Devitt BM, Arora M. The role of the ligamentum teres in the adult hip: redundant or relevant? A review. Journal of hip preservation surgery 2018;5(1):15-22. [academic.oup.com]

Rao J, Zhou YX, Villar RN. Injury to the ligamentum teres: mechanism, findings, and results of treatment. Clin Sports Med 2001;20(4):791–9. [portsmed.theclinics.com]

Salas AP, O’Donnell JM. Ligamentum teres injuries - an observational study of a proposed new arthroscopic classification. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2015;2(3):258-264. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

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CATALOGS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Comments

Australopithecus afarensis

AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS In 1735, Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) placed humans as a species «Homo nosce te ipsum» in the order Anthropomorpha along with monkeys and sloths (1735LinneC). In a publication in 1758, the naturalist transferred humans to the order Primates (1758LinneC). Today, humans and chimpanzees are united in the tribe Hominini, as descended from a common ancestor (2001GrovesCP). It has been established that the chromosome that distinguishes humans from monkeys was formed before 4.5 Ma (2022PoszewieckaB_GambinA). The hominin subfamily Sahelanthropus tchadensis lived in the Republic of Chad (Central Africa) from 7.2±0.31 to 6.8±0.45 Ma (2008LebatardAE_BrunetM; 2012ReynoldsSC_GallagherA). Reconstruction of its musculoskeletal system showed that the creature could have been an upright bipedal primate (2005ZollikoferCP_BrunetM). Fossils of what is probably the first bipedal representative of the hominid family Orrorin tugenensis, lived 6.1-5.7 Ma and still retained adapta...

Great Compilation. Chapter 38

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Great Compilation. Introduction

English version of the article: Архипов СВ. Книга Берешит как великая компиляция текстов и смыслов Второго переходного периода Египта: пилотная культурологическая, медицинская, археологическая и текстологическая экспертиза преданий против традиционной атрибуции. Введение. О круглой связке бедра . 14.02.2026 . The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2026АрхиповСВ . The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution . Introduction By Sergey V. Arkhipov, MD, PhD CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Introduction [iii] Content [iv] External links [v] Application [vi] References [vii] Application [i] Abstract The Book of Genesis (Bereshith) was composed in Egypt during the 17th century BCE and reached ...

Great Compilation. Chapter 12

English version of the article: Архипов СВ. Книга Берешит как великая компиляция текстов и смыслов Второго переходного периода Египта: пилотная культурологическая, медицинская, археологическая и текстологическая экспертиза преданий против традиционной атрибуции. Введение. О круглой связке бедра . 14.02.2026 . The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2026АрхиповСВ . The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 12 By Sergey V. Arkhipov, MD, PhD CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 12 Analysis [iii] Notes to Chapter 12 [iv] AI Agent's Conclusion [v] Content [vi] External links [vii] Application [i] Abstract The Book of Genesis (Bereshith) was compo...

Tiktaalik roseae

TIKTAALIK ROSEAE The first truly tetrapod animal (Limbed tetrapods) is recognized as the lobe-finned fish Tiktaalik roseae (clade Elpistostegalia), discovered in rocks aged about 375 Ma (2006DaeschlerEB_JenkinsJrFA; 2008ShubinN; 2017ShubinN). Discoveries in recent years have allowed us to place the taxa of early tetrapodomorphs in the following order: Tinirau, Eusthenopteron, Megalichthys, Panderichthys, Qikiqtania, Tiktaalik, Elpistostege, Parmastega, Ventastega, Acanthostega, Elginerpeton, Ymeria, Ichthyostega (2022StewartTA_ShubinNH). The closest ancestor of Tiktaalik roseae, the fragments of the skeleton of which are relatively well preserved, is Panderichthys. Reconstruction of the prehistoric fish Pandericthys Author Tyler Rhodes; original in the wikipedia.org collection (license CC BY-SA 3.0, no changes). The shape of the skeleton of the pectoral fin and shoulder girdle suggests that Panderichthys rhombolepis "walked" (2006AhlbergPE_ClackJA). At the very least...

Human Children. Retelling of Chapter 3

Short retelling of chapter 3 of the essay: Arkhipov S.V. Human Children: The Origins of Biblical Legends from a Physician's Perspective. Joensuu: Author's Edition, 2025. [In Russian] Chapter 3. THE DAWN OF SURGERY The animal kingdom exhibits numerous forms of social support, many of which lay the groundwork for rudimentary medical practices. Insects like bees, fish such as cichlids, amphibians like bullfrogs, reptiles like crocodiles, and most birds and mammals demonstrate care for their offspring. Lions and wolves feed injured kin, while buffalo and flocking birds collectively defend against predators. Marine mammals assist struggling companions to the surface for air, and elephants help free trapped herd members from mud or aid them in standing. These behaviors hint at the origins of altruism, a trait that extends to early medical instincts. Animals also engage in self-medication and basic healing. Birds employ various techniques to combat ectoparasites, while moths, ant...

1816MeckelJF

The author discusses the anatomy and function of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), and also identifies one of the reasons for its damage. The translation was done in collaboration with ChatGPT 3.5. Meckel JF. Handbuch der menschlichen Anatomie. Zweiter Band. Besondere Anatomie. Halle, Berlin: Buchhandlung des Hallischen Waisenhauses, 1816. [fragment] Quote p p . 3 65 -366 c. Runds band §. 948. Gerade vor dem Theile der Synovialhaut, welcher auf der Lücke unter dem brückenförmigen Theile der Knorpellippe liegt, entspringt ein, ungefähr einen Zoll langes, sehr länglichviereckiges Band, das runde Band des Oberschenkels (Ligamentum ossis femoris teres s. rotundum) welches, an beiden Enden etwas ausgebreitet, sich mit seis nem äußern an die Bertiefung im Kopfe des Oberschenkels beines heftet und zu noch größerer Befestigung deffelben beiträgt. Es besteht aus longitudinalen Fasern, welche sich an das obere un...

New Biomechanics in Illustrations

The New Biomechanics of the Hip Joint: A Pictorial Essay S.V. Arkhipov INTRODUCTION First in the history of humanity, the mention of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and the pathomechanics of walking associated with its damage is found in the ancient literary monument “Book of Genesis” (32:24-24,31-32), created approximately 3600 years ago (2019Arkhipov_Skvortsov; 2023 Архипов ). Fig. 1 The LCF = ligamentum teres of the hip joint, drawing by H.V. Carter (1870Grey). Fig. 2 Pencil drawing “Crossing of the Jabbok River” based on the “Book of Genesis” 32:22 (author: Lyudmila Arkhipova, 2008). The first description of LCF in a medical text is given by Hippocrates of Kos in the treatise “Instruments of Reductions” or “ Mochlicus ”, written in the V-IV centuries BCE (1844Littre). We know that with the normal LCF, walking it is light, rhythmic, and symmetrical, but we don't know “why ”. See video: Supplement 1 Normal Walking We don't even know why we wi...

SURGERY

SURGERY ( Osteotomy, arthroplasty, arthroscopy, ligamentoplasty... ) Inventions Method s by Arkhipov S.V. (subsection) Articles 1926HeyGrovesEH The author proposes fixation of the femoral head by creating a LCF from the joint capsule during reduction of congenital hip dislocation. 1927HeyGrovesEH The author describes fixation of the femoral head by creating a LCF from the joint capsule during reduction of congenital hip dislocation. 1968TrevorD The author discusses E. Hey Groves's operation for reconstruction of the LCF in the reduction of congenital hip dislocation. 2021ArkhipovSV_SkvortsovDV Ligamentum Teres and its Analog in the Hip Endoprosthesis–Necessary or Superfluous? A Systematic Review 2025ArkhipovSV. Why Acetabular Labrum Repair May Be Ineffective . Article (07.04.2025). UNDERWATER ROCK OF THE RECONSTRUCTIONS What is the load on the ligamentum capitis femoris ? The First...

Human Children. Retelling of Chapter 6

Short retelling of chapter 6 of the essay: Arkhipov S.V. Human Children: The Origins of Biblical Legends from a Physician's Perspective. Joensuu: Author's Edition, 2025. [In Russian] Chapter 6. THE GARDEN OF EDEN According to the Book of Genesis, humanity’s earliest ancestors emerged "in the garden of Eden." The text specifies that this idyllic garden was located "in Eden, toward the east." A nameless river flowed from Eden, irrigating the garden, suggesting that "Eden" encompasses a broader region, while the "garden in Eden" is a distinct, cultivated space. Genesis portrays the garden as a divine plantation, established by "Lord God," with humans tasked to tend and maintain it. The garden teemed with diverse trees, including fruit-bearing ones, and later hosted birds, wild animals, and domesticated livestock. Alongside humans, it harbored supernatural beings like cherubim (kyruvy), a serpent, and other divine entities. A s...

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