Catalog. Classifications of LCF Pathology

The classifications are intended to systematize of ligamentum capitis femoris pathology and assist in the development of general approaches to its description, registration, analysis and treatment.

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, hip joint, histology, pathological anatomy, pathology, trauma

INTRODUCTION

In Russia, the initial attempts to classify pathology of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) were made by morphologists. The development of arthroscopic surgery has made it possible to identify various, previously undescribed types of LCF pathology, which prompted the development of various modern classifications based on intraoperative observations. Analysis of literature data and our own morphological observations allowed us to propose a General Classification of the Ligamentum Teres Pathology, which has the form of a collection of classifiers, as well as a Classification of Functions of the Ligamentum Teres. The classifications are intended to systematize its pathology and assist in the development of general approaches to its description, registration, analysis, and treatment.

CATALOG

Classifications of LCF pathology

Гаевская ЛИ. Топографо-анатомические особенности связочного аппарата тазобедренного сустава и их значение для клиники: дис. ... канд. мед. наук. Ленинград, 1954.

Кованов ВВ, Травин АА. Хирургическая анатомия нижних конечностей. Москва, 1963. [1lib.sk]

Arkhipov SV. Classification of functions of the ligamentum teres. Ligamentum teres - ligamentum incognitum. 07.06.2020. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.32089.34403 [researchgate.net]

Arkhipov SV. General classification of the ligamentum teres pathology. Vers. 2.0.1, 41 sections, 343 paragraphs and subparagraphs. Update: 07.06.2020. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.25378.45769 [researchgate.net]

Botser IB, Martin DE, Stout CE, Domb BG. Tears of the ligamentum teres: prevalence in hip arthroscopy using 2 classification systems. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(1):117S-25S. [journals.sagepub.com]

Cerezal L, Kassarjian A, Canga A, Dobado MC, Montero JA, Llopis E, Pérez-Carro L. Anatomy, biomechanics, imaging, and management of ligamentum teres injuries. Radiographics. 2010;30(6):1637-51. [pubs.rsna.org]

Devitt B.M., Smith B., Stapf R., Jo S., O’Donnell JM: The reliability of commonly used arthroscopic classifications of ligamentum teres pathology. J Hip Preserv Surg 2017;4(2):187-93. [scholar.google]

Gray AJ, Villar RN. The ligamentum teres of the hip: an arthroscopic classification of its pathology. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 1997;13(5):575-8. [sciencedirect.com]

O’Donnell JM, Devitt BM, Arora M. The role of the ligamentum teres in the adult hip: redundant or relevant? A review. Journal of hip preservation surgery 2018;5(1):15-22. [academic.oup.com]

Rao J, Zhou YX, Villar RN. Injury to the ligamentum teres: mechanism, findings, and results of treatment. Clin Sports Med 2001;20(4):791–9. [portsmed.theclinics.com]

Salas AP, O’Donnell JM. Ligamentum teres injuries - an observational study of a proposed new arthroscopic classification. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2015;2(3):258-264. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

BLOG CONTENT

CATALOGS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Comments

University_of_Guelph(website)

Content [i] Annotation [ii] Original text [iii] Illustrations [iv] Source & links [v] Notes [vi] Authors & Affiliations [vii] Keywords [i] Annotation A quote from an article on the University of Guelph website. The publication mentions the animal's ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and states its function: fixing the femoral head in the acetabulum. The text in Russian is available at the following link: University_of_Guelph(website) . [ii] Original text Quote 1. Hindlimb skeleton. Femur [animals] The articular head of the femur is deeply rounded and it bears a round ligament that holds it into the acetabulum. [iii] Illustrations – [iv] Source & links STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETON. 2023. animalbiosciences.uoguelph.ca [v] Notes The work is cited in the following publications: [vi] Authors & Affiliations Unive...

163-192Galen

Fragment from the treatise Galen. On anatomical procedures (Περὶ Ἀνατομικῶν Ἐγχειρήσεων, ca. 163-192). The author writes about the high resiliency and hardness of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), and also notes its connective function. See our commentary at the link: 163-192Galen [Rus], and 2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV . Quote [Grc] Περὶ Ἀνατομικῶν Ἐγχειρήσεων. Βιβλιον B. K εφ . ι ʹ . Αλλά χρή σε, καθάπερ επί της χειρός επεσκέψω τους συνδέσμους των οστών, ούτω και νυν επισκέψασθαι πασών των γεγυμνωμένων διαρθρώσεων, πρώτης μεν της κατ' ισχίον, εχούσης ένα μεν εν κύκλω σύνδεσμον, απάντων των άρθρων κοινόν, (ουδέν γάρ έστιν, ότω μή περιβέβληται τοιούτος σύνδεσμος,) έτερον δε τον διά του βάθους εν τη διαρθρώσει κατακεκρυμμένον, ος συνάπτει την κεφαλήν του μηρού τη κατ' ισχίον κοιλότητι, πάνυ σκληρός ών, ώς ήδη δύνασθαι λέγεσθαι νεύρον χονδρώδες. (original source: 1821KühnCG, pp. 328-329) [Lat] De Anatomicis Administrationibus. Liber II. Cap. X. Verum considerare te convenit, ut i...

BIOMECHANICS OF THE HIP JOINT WITHOUT LCF

Biomechanics of the hip joint without LCF Do you remember the comparison of the ligamentum teres with the spring element of a cart? ( 1874SavoryWS ). An analogy could arise after reading the book Bell J. The Principles of Surgery (1801) . Most orthopedists still think so. For more details see: https://roundligament.blogspot.com/2024/04/1836-1840partridger.html & 1836-1840PartridgeR (remembering the history of orthopedics) #ligamentum_teres #ligamentum_capitis_femoris #hip #biomechanics Publication in the facebook group 03/28/2025. ...

Tweet of December 19, 2025

Edwin Smith Papyrus vis-à-vis Book of Genesis A correspondence was found between the level of medical knowledge in the Edwin Smith Papyrus and the Book of Genesis; they were written during the same historical period. see: https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2025/11/lcf-1.html Tweet of December 19, 2025 #Edwin_Smith_Papyrus #Genesis #Book_of_Genesis #Ancient_Egypt BLOG CONTENT TWITTER OR X

Edwin Smith Papyrus vis-à-vis Book of Genesis

A correspondence has been found between the level of medical knowledge in the Edwin Smith Papyrus and the Book of Genesis. Were both works written during the same historical period? What do medical historians and Egyptologists think about this? Based on the analysis I conducted, I believe that the protograph of the Book of Genesis was written at the end of the Second Intermediate Period in Egypt, with the collaboration of an Asian diviner and an Egyptian physician. Arguments in more detail are presented in my online article: Архипов С . В . Кто и когда впервые описал повреждение ligamentum capitis femoris ? (WHO FIRST DESCRIBED THE LIGAMENTUM CAPITIS FEMORIS INJURY AND WHEN? This article is available in Russian, and translation to your desired language can be done using a browser plugin). See: Pt. 1. https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2025/11/lcf-1.html Pt. 2. https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2025/11/lcf-2.html Pt. 3. https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2...

EXTERNAL LIGAMENTS & LCF

external ligaments & LCF First experiments to study the interaction of the external ligaments and the ligamentum capitis femoris in a model: https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/06/blog-post_6.html Pathological consequences of lengthening of the ligamentum capitis femoris: https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/06/blog-post_63.html norm: https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/06/blog-post_50.html #ligamentum_teres #ligamentum_capitis_femoris #hip #biomechanics Publication in the facebook group 03/27/2025. BLOG CONTE...

1881HartmannR

Fragments from the book Hartmann R. Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen (1881). The author discusses the shape, anatomy of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), mentions its synonyms and cases of absence in animals. The text is prepared for machine translation using a service built into the blog from Google or your web browser. In some cases, we have added links to quotations about LCF available on our resource, as well as to publications posted on the Internet. Fig. 99. Eröffnetes rechtes Hüftgelenk eines Erwachsenen. (Das Periost ist meist hinweggenommen.) I) Os ilium. II) Os ischii. III) Os pubis (Ramus horizontalis) z. Th. IV) Femur. 1) Fossa acetabuli. 2) Caput femoris mit seiner überknorpelten Gelenkfläche. 3) Lappen der zerschnittenen Gelenkkapsel. 4) Ligam. teres. 5) Knorpelüberzug der Facies lunata. (Vergl. Fig. 61, 22.) Quote pp. 160-162 Das Hüftgelenk (Articulatio coxae s. femoris). Dem Limbus acetabuli jedes Hüftbeines (S. 101) sitzt ein Labru...

1611BartholinC

Fragmen t from the book Bartholin C. Anatomicae institutiones (1611). The author describes the anatomy, topography, geometric and mechanical properties of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). The term «terete» (rounded) is used to indicate its geometry. The term «cartilagine» (cartilaginous) is used to describe the hardness of the LCF, and the analogy of «nervus esset cartilaginosus» (like a cartilaginous sinew) is given. Similar terminological elements are present in the works of Galen of Pergamon and Theophilus Protospatharius ( 2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV ). Quote p. 494 [Lat] Cap. XXI. DE OSSIBUS TOTIUS PEDIS. … I. Est caput maximum & rotundum, ex appendice factum, quod in coxendicis acetabulum inseritur, & duplici ligamento cum coxendice nectitur: uno communi, lato, membraneo, sed satis crasso, orbiculatum articulum ambiente; altero terete, quasi cartilagine (ac si nervus esset cartilaginosus) inter femoris caput & profunditatem cavitatis...

The First Open Reconstruction

The first open reconstruction of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) was performed in 1926 by Ernest William Hey Groves (1872-1944) (1927Hey-GrovesEW). The surgery was proposed for the treatment of congenital hip dislocation in children. Later, in 1928, regarding this pathology, he noted: «Congential dislocation of the hip is a deformity which is mysterious in its origin, insidious in its course and relentless in its final crippling results» (quoted from 1983RatliffAH). In the early 20th century, a pioneer in orthopedic surgery realized that the LCF played a crucial role in the development of this pathology and developed a technique for its reconstruction. Illustration: Open reconstruction of the LCF in congenital hip dislocation. Copies of drawings from 1927Hey-GrovesEW with our additions; arrows indicate the reconstructed LCF. . ...

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