Set of Classifications

General Classification of LCF Pathology

Version: 20240420

Annotation

Analysis of literature data and our own morphological observations allowed us to propose a General Classification of LCF Pathology.

Introduction

In Russia, the initial attempts to classify pathology of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) were made by morphologists. L.I. Gaevskaya distinguished three types of LCF: 1) long and thick (length 41–51 mm, thickness 5 mm), 2) short and thin (length 10–20 mm, thickness 1 mm), 3) long and of small thickness (length 43–45 mm, with a thickness of 3 mm, and length 28–30 mm with a thickness of 4–5 mm) (1954ГаевскаяЛИ). V.V. Kovanov, A.A. Travin identified three varieties of histological structure of LCF: 1) with a predominance of loose connective tissue; 2) with a predominance of dense connective tissue; 3) with a uniform distribution of loose and dense connective tissue (1963КовановВВ_ТравинАА).

The development of arthroscopic surgery has made it possible to identify various, previously undescribed types of LCF pathology, which prompted the development of various modern classifications based on intraoperative observations (1997GrayAJ_VillarRN; 2001RaoJ_VillarRN; 2010CerezalL_Pérez-CarroL; 2011BotserIB_DombBG; 2015SalasAP_O'DonnellJ M; 2017DevittBM_O'DonnellJM; 2018O'DonnellJM_AroraM). Analysis of literature data and our own morphological observations allowed us to propose a General Classification of the Ligamentum Teres Pathology, which has the form of a collection of classifiers (2020ArkhipovSV), as well as a Classification of Functions of the Ligamentum Teres (2020ArkhipovSV). The classification is intended to systematize pathology of LCF, assist in the development of general approaches to its description, registration, analysis, and treatment.

LCF pathology may be caused by local processes and injuries, as well as by diseases of the entire body, individual organs, or systems. Due to this, the systematic classification of all possible changes is challenging. In our collection, we have used terminology accepted in medicine and biology, applying term elements from various classifications: systematic, histological, morphological, traumatological, topographic, and functional.

Catalog. General Classification of LCF Pathology

DOMAINS OF LCF PATHOLOGY

TYPES OF LCF PATHOLOGY

CHARACTER OF LCF PATHOLOGY

FACTORS CAUSING OF LCF PATHOLOGY

VARIANTS OF LCF PATHOLOGY

PHASES OF LCF PATHOLOGY

LOCALIZATION OF LCF PATHOLOGY

LOCALIZATION OFPATHOLOGY IN THE DISTAL ATTACHMENT AREA OF LCF

LOCALIZATION OFPATHOLOGY IN THE PROXIMAL ATTACHMENT AREA OF LCF

LOCALIZATIONOF PATHOLOGY IN THE DISTAL PART OF LCF

LOCALIZATION OFPATHOLOGY IN THE PROXIMAL PART OF LCF

TYPE OF LCF INJURY

SUBTYPE OF LCF INJURY

MECHANISM OF LCF INJURY

DIRECT MECHANISM OF LCF INJURY

INDIRECT MECHANISM OF LCF INJURY

COMBINED MECHANISM OF LCF INJURY

ENERGY OF LCF INJURY

LCF INJURIES FROM THE TYPE OF ITS DEFORMATION

MAIN TYPES OF LCF INJURY

SUBTYPE OF COMPLETE LCF INJURY

SUBTYPE OF PARTIAL LCF INJURY

MORPHOLOGY OF LCF

HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LCF ATTACHMENT SITES

Pathology of the Vascular System OF LCF

Pathology of the Nervous System OF LCF

Typesof LCF Infection

VARIETIES OF LOCAL INFECTIOUS INVOLVEMENT OF LCF

RESULT OF PATHOLOGICAL CHANGE OF LCF

PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF LCF

NECROSIS OF LCF

METAPLASIA OF LCF

Neoplasms OF LCF

CHARACTERISTICS OF LCFCHANGES

CHANGESIN THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LCF

CHANGING THE SPATIAL POSITION OF LCF

CHANGING OF GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF LCF

PATHOLOGY OF LCF ATTACHMENT AREAS

Types of Pathology of LCF Attachment Area

Variants of Pathology of LCF Attachment Area

Pathology of the Distal Attachment Area of LCF

PATHOLOGY OF THE ACETABULAR CANAL

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF LCF

Effects of the Mechanical Function of LCF

ALTERNATIVE TYPES OF LCF FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS OF LCF

Degrees of LCF Function Performance

TYPES OF LCF DYSFUNCTIONS

Magnitude of LCF Load

Reasons for Increased Load on LCF

Reasons for Decreased Load on LCF

TYPES OF LCF RECONSTRUCTION

SUBTYPES OF LCF RECONSTRUCTION

Conclusion

We believe that the use of the provided classifiers will allow for a more comprehensive description of LCF pathology, aid in determining rational methods of treatment and restoration of its function, and assist in predicting the outcomes of hip joint diseases and injuries.

References

Гаевская ЛИ. Топографо-анатомические особенности связочного аппарата тазобедренного сустава и их значение для клиники: дис. ... канд. мед. наук. Ленинград, 1954.

Кованов ВВ, Травин АА. Хирургическая анатомия нижних конечностей. Москва, 1963. [1lib.sk]

Arkhipov SV. Classification of functions of the ligamentum teres. Ligamentum teres - ligamentum incognitum. 07.06.2020. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.32089.34403 [researchgate.net]

Arkhipov SV. General classification of the ligamentum teres pathology. Vers. 2.0.1, 41 sections, 343 paragraphs and subparagraphs. Update: 07.06.2020. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.25378.45769 [researchgate.net]

Botser IB, Martin DE, Stout CE, Domb BG. Tears of the ligamentum teres: prevalence in hip arthroscopy using 2 classification systems. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(1):117S-25S. [journals.sagepub.com]

Cerezal L, Kassarjian A, Canga A, Dobado MC, Montero JA, Llopis E, Pérez-Carro L. Anatomy, biomechanics, imaging, and management of ligamentum teres injuries. Radiographics. 2010;30(6):1637-51. [pubs.rsna.org]

Devitt B.M., Smith B., Stapf R., Jo S., O’Donnell JM: The reliability of commonly used arthroscopic classifications of ligamentum teres pathology. J Hip Preserv Surg 2017;4(2):187-93. [scholar.google]

Gray AJ, Villar RN. The ligamentum teres of the hip: an arthroscopic classification of its pathology. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 1997;13(5):575-8. [sciencedirect.com]

O’Donnell JM, Devitt BM, Arora M. The role of the ligamentum teres in the adult hip: redundant or relevant? A review. Journal of hip preservation surgery 2018;5(1):15-22. [academic.oup.com]

Rao J, Zhou YX, Villar RN. Injury to the ligamentum teres: mechanism, findings, and results of treatment. Clin Sports Med 2001;20(4):791-9. [sportsmed.theclinics.com]

Salas AP, O’Donnell JM. Ligamentum teres injuries - an observational study of a proposed new arthroscopic classification. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2015;2(3):258-264. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, classification, pathology

External links

Arkhipov SV. General Classification of LCF Pathology; Version: 20240420. About round ligament of femur (ligament of head of femur), 2024.04.20. [roundligament.blogspot.com]

In translating to English, the author is assisted by ChatGPT (version 3.5) and the Google Translate service.

BLOG CONTENT

CATALOGS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Comments

NEWS

New publications of our resource ( section started June 04, 2024 ) January 11, 2025 Acetabular Canal. Part 1. This article describes the space where the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) attaches and functions. See also Part 2 and Part 3 . January 10, 2025 1877MorrisH An excerpt from an article noting that the LCF is stretched during flexion, adduction, external rotation, and is always torn during hip dislocations. January 8, 2025 1877BrookeC Report and discussion on Henry Morris's paper Dislocations of the Thigh: their mode of occurrence as indicated by experiments, and the Anatomy of the Hip-joint, with mentioning the role played by LCF. January 7, 2025 Tweet of January 7, 2025 1898AshhurstJ The author discusses the function of the LCF as a supporting element of the body, its role in the development of deformity of the hip joint, reducing pressure and stress in the femoral head. January 4, 2025 2024Migliorin...

LCF in 2024 (December)

Publications about the LCF 2024 ( Dece mber) Kneipp, M. L. A., Sousa, L. N., Cota, L. O., Malacarne, B. D., Winter, I. C., Santana, C. H., ... & Carvalho, A. M. (2024). Bilateral coxofemoral dysplasia in a Mangalarga Marchador foal. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science , 105253. [i] sciencedirect.com Siddiq, B. S., Gillinov, S. M., Cherian, N. J., & Martin, S. D. (2024). Arthroscopic Reconstruction of the Acetabular Labrum Using an Autograft Hip Capsule. JBJS Essential Surgical Techniques , 14 (4), e23. [ii] pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Kraft, D. B., Delahay, J. N., & Murray, R. S. (2024). Pediatric Orthopedics. In Essentials of Orthopedic Surgery (pp. 139-185). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. [iii] link.springer.com Gebriel, M. E., Farid, M., Mostafa, A., Shaker, N., Abouelela, Y., & Noor, N. (2024). The Surgical Anatomy of Canine Coxofemoral Joint and Innovative Educational...

1917TrevesF_MackenzieC

Fragments from the book Treves F, Keith A, Mackenzie C. Surgical Applied Anatomy, 7th ed. (1917). The author discusses the strength and significance of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and its changes in hip dislocations and dysplasia. Quote pp. 542-543 3. THE HIP-JOINT … The manner in which the various movements at the hip are limited may be briefly expressed as follows: The limit of every natural movement is fixed by the extensibility of the muscles which surround a joint. That is readily seen at the hip-joint, for when the knee is extended, and the hamstring muscles thus tightened, flexion at the hip is limited long before the ligaments become tense. Ligaments only come into play when the muscular defence of the joint breaks down. Flexion, when the knee is bent, is limited by the contact of the soft parts of the groin. Extension, by the ilio-psoas, rectus femoris, and the ilio-femoral or Y -ligament. Abduction, by the adductor mass of muscles and the pubo-capsular l...

1857RichetA

Fragments of the book Richet A. Traité pratique d' Anatomie medico-chirurgicale (1857) are devoted to the anatomy of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). The author believes that the vessels passing through the LCF are sufficient to supply blood to the femoral head. The text is prepared for machine translation using a service built into the blog from Google or your web browser. In some cases, we have added links to quotations about LCF available on our resource, as well as to publications posted on the Internet. Quote pp. 922-923 Articulation coxo-femorale. Cette articulation, qui appartient à la classe des énarthroses dont elle représente le type, a été l'objet de travaux importants de la part des physiologistes et des chirurgiens, et c'est aux frères Weber et à M. Malgaigne, plutôt qu'aux anatomistes purs, qu'on doit d'avoir mis en lumière un grand nombre des faits qui vont suivre et qui éclairent des questions pathologiques avant eux restées insol...

THE DOCTRINE OF LCF

THE DOCTRINE OF ligamentum capitis femoris: An instrument of knowledge and innovation. Definition: A set of theoretical provisions on all aspects of knowledge about the anatomical element ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). 1. Structure of the Doctrine of LCF 2. Practical Application of the Doctrine of LCF : 2.1. Diagnostics 2.1. Prevention 2.3. Prognosis 2.4. Pathology 2.5. Veterinary 2.6. Professions 2.7. Products 2.8. Surgery 3. Theory of LCF Mechanics 4. The Base of the Doctrine of LCF 5. Stairway to the Past or History of the Doctrine of LCF 6. Ultimate Depth of Researches 7. Appendices 7.1. Acceptable Synonyms Structure of the Doctrine of ligamentum capitis femoris . E a r T ...

LCF in 2024 (November)

Publications about the LCF 2024 (November) . Mohammed, C., Kong, R., Kuruba, V., Rai, V., & Munazzam, S. W. (2024). Outcomes and complications of hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome: A narrative review. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma , 102797. [i] journal-cot.com Shah, M. Q. A., Kiani, R. B., Ahmad, A., Malik, H. A., Rehman, J. U., & Anwar, Z. (2024). Children with Developmental Dysplasia of Hip-Our Experience of Outcome at a Tertiary Care Centre. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal , 74 (5 ), 1236. [ii] scholar.google.com Graf, R. Sonography of the Infant’s Hip: Principles, implementation and therapeutic consequences . Springer Nature. 2024. [iii] books.google Sáenz, J. F. C., Carrera, E. T., Gutiérrez, R. A., & De La Ossa, L. (2024). Capsular Traction-Assisted Hip Arthroscopy: An Alternative to T-Capsulotomy for Osteochondroplasty. Arthros...

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1753TarinP

Fragments from the book Tarin P. Ostéo-graphie (1753). The author notes the localization of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and uses synonyms: ligament rond, ligamentum teres capitis femoris. The text is prepared for machine translation using a service built into the blog from Google or your web browser. Quote p. 24 Les Ligamens de l'extrémité inférieure sont, 1°. la Membrane capsulaire, &c. de la cavité cotyloïde, le Ligament rond, l'Appareil ligamenteux propre à cette cavité; le Ligament transveríal interne de son bord, le transversal externe, les deux Ligamens glanduleux; … Quote p. 54. Illæ tres offeæ portiones simul unitæ Cavitatem cotyloïdeam q.t. a. constituunt, in qua occurrit Foveols h. glandulas synoviales articulationis excipiens, cuique sesc inserit ligamentum teres capitis femoris, &c. Vid. t. u. v. TAB. I. II. III. External links Tarin P. Ostéo-graphie, ou Description des os de l'adulte, du foetus, &c. Precedée d'une introduction a l'etu...

1877BrookeC

Report by Brooke C. and discussion of the article Dislocations of the Thigh: their mode of occurrence as indicated by experiments, and the Anatomy of the Hip-joint. By Henry Morris. M.A., M.B. (1877). In the discussion, Dr. Barwell remarked that: «He agreed with Mr. Morris in regarding the ligamentum teres as of little importance in the prevention of dislocation; it probably did little more than protect the vessels passing to the head of the bone. He saw a case some years ago, in which there was congenital absence of the ligamentum teres; but he had no reason for believing that the man was more liable to dislocation of the femur than other persons.» The author of the article, Henry Morris, suggested that Malgaigne «... did not attach much importance to the ligamentum teres; and believed that it had no power to hold the bone in its place.». ROYAL MEDICAL AND CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY. TUESDAY, FEBRUARY I3TH, 1877. CHARLES BROOKE, F.R.C.S., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. D...

398-405Jerome of Stridon

Fragments of the Book of Genesis translated by Jerome of Stridon (398-405). The Latin text contains mentioned to ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) of an animal and a human. See our commentary at the link: 398-405Jerome of Stridon [Rus]. Quote [Lat] Genesis 32:25,32 25. Qui cùm videret quòd eum sperare non posset, tetigit neruum femoris eius, & statim emarcuit. (original source: 1572 MontanoBA , p. 110) 32. Quá ob causam non comedunt neruú filij Israel, qui emarcuit in femore Iacob, vsq; in præsentem diem, eo quòd tetigerit neruú femoris eius, & obstupuerit. (original source: 1572 MontanoBA , p. 112) Translation [Eng] Genesis 32:25,32 25. But when he saw that he could not prevail against him, he touched the sinew of his thigh, and immediately it withered. (original source: 1572 MontanoBA , p. 110; our translation) 32. For this reason, the children of Israel do not eat the sinew that withered in Jacob's thigh to this day, because he touched the sinew of his thigh and dam...

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