Set of Classifications

General Classification of LCF Pathology

Version: 20240420

Annotation

Analysis of literature data and our own morphological observations allowed us to propose a General Classification of LCF Pathology.

Introduction

In Russia, the initial attempts to classify pathology of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) were made by morphologists. L.I. Gaevskaya distinguished three types of LCF: 1) long and thick (length 41–51 mm, thickness 5 mm), 2) short and thin (length 10–20 mm, thickness 1 mm), 3) long and of small thickness (length 43–45 mm, with a thickness of 3 mm, and length 28–30 mm with a thickness of 4–5 mm) (1954ГаевскаяЛИ). V.V. Kovanov, A.A. Travin identified three varieties of histological structure of LCF: 1) with a predominance of loose connective tissue; 2) with a predominance of dense connective tissue; 3) with a uniform distribution of loose and dense connective tissue (1963КовановВВ_ТравинАА).

The development of arthroscopic surgery has made it possible to identify various, previously undescribed types of LCF pathology, which prompted the development of various modern classifications based on intraoperative observations (1997GrayAJ_VillarRN; 2001RaoJ_VillarRN; 2010CerezalL_Pérez-CarroL; 2011BotserIB_DombBG; 2015SalasAP_O'DonnellJ M; 2017DevittBM_O'DonnellJM; 2018O'DonnellJM_AroraM). Analysis of literature data and our own morphological observations allowed us to propose a General Classification of the Ligamentum Teres Pathology, which has the form of a collection of classifiers (2020ArkhipovSV), as well as a Classification of Functions of the Ligamentum Teres (2020ArkhipovSV). The classification is intended to systematize pathology of LCF, assist in the development of general approaches to its description, registration, analysis, and treatment.

LCF pathology may be caused by local processes and injuries, as well as by diseases of the entire body, individual organs, or systems. Due to this, the systematic classification of all possible changes is challenging. In our collection, we have used terminology accepted in medicine and biology, applying term elements from various classifications: systematic, histological, morphological, traumatological, topographic, and functional.

Catalog. General Classification of LCF Pathology

DOMAINS OF LCF PATHOLOGY

TYPES OF LCF PATHOLOGY

CHARACTER OF LCF PATHOLOGY

FACTORS CAUSING OF LCF PATHOLOGY

VARIANTS OF LCF PATHOLOGY

PHASES OF LCF PATHOLOGY

LOCALIZATION OF LCF PATHOLOGY

LOCALIZATION OFPATHOLOGY IN THE DISTAL ATTACHMENT AREA OF LCF

LOCALIZATION OFPATHOLOGY IN THE PROXIMAL ATTACHMENT AREA OF LCF

LOCALIZATIONOF PATHOLOGY IN THE DISTAL PART OF LCF

LOCALIZATION OFPATHOLOGY IN THE PROXIMAL PART OF LCF

TYPE OF LCF INJURY

SUBTYPE OF LCF INJURY

MECHANISM OF LCF INJURY

DIRECT MECHANISM OF LCF INJURY

INDIRECT MECHANISM OF LCF INJURY

COMBINED MECHANISM OF LCF INJURY

ENERGY OF LCF INJURY

LCF INJURIES FROM THE TYPE OF ITS DEFORMATION

MAIN TYPES OF LCF INJURY

SUBTYPE OF COMPLETE LCF INJURY

SUBTYPE OF PARTIAL LCF INJURY

MORPHOLOGY OF LCF

HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LCF ATTACHMENT SITES

Pathology of the Vascular System OF LCF

Pathology of the Nervous System OF LCF

Typesof LCF Infection

VARIETIES OF LOCAL INFECTIOUS INVOLVEMENT OF LCF

RESULT OF PATHOLOGICAL CHANGE OF LCF

PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF LCF

NECROSIS OF LCF

METAPLASIA OF LCF

Neoplasms OF LCF

CHARACTERISTICS OF LCFCHANGES

CHANGESIN THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LCF

CHANGING THE SPATIAL POSITION OF LCF

CHANGING OF GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF LCF

PATHOLOGY OF LCF ATTACHMENT AREAS

Types of Pathology of LCF Attachment Area

Variants of Pathology of LCF Attachment Area

Pathology of the Distal Attachment Area of LCF

PATHOLOGY OF THE ACETABULAR CANAL

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF LCF

Effects of the Mechanical Function of LCF

ALTERNATIVE TYPES OF LCF FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS OF LCF

Degrees of LCF Function Performance

TYPES OF LCF DYSFUNCTIONS

Magnitude of LCF Load

Reasons for Increased Load on LCF

Reasons for Decreased Load on LCF

TYPES OF LCF RECONSTRUCTION

SUBTYPES OF LCF RECONSTRUCTION

Conclusion

We believe that the use of the provided classifiers will allow for a more comprehensive description of LCF pathology, aid in determining rational methods of treatment and restoration of its function, and assist in predicting the outcomes of hip joint diseases and injuries.

References

Гаевская ЛИ. Топографо-анатомические особенности связочного аппарата тазобедренного сустава и их значение для клиники: дис. ... канд. мед. наук. Ленинград, 1954.

Кованов ВВ, Травин АА. Хирургическая анатомия нижних конечностей. Москва, 1963. [1lib.sk]

Arkhipov SV. Classification of functions of the ligamentum teres. Ligamentum teres - ligamentum incognitum. 07.06.2020. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.32089.34403 [researchgate.net]

Arkhipov SV. General classification of the ligamentum teres pathology. Vers. 2.0.1, 41 sections, 343 paragraphs and subparagraphs. Update: 07.06.2020. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.25378.45769 [researchgate.net]

Botser IB, Martin DE, Stout CE, Domb BG. Tears of the ligamentum teres: prevalence in hip arthroscopy using 2 classification systems. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(1):117S-25S. [journals.sagepub.com]

Cerezal L, Kassarjian A, Canga A, Dobado MC, Montero JA, Llopis E, Pérez-Carro L. Anatomy, biomechanics, imaging, and management of ligamentum teres injuries. Radiographics. 2010;30(6):1637-51. [pubs.rsna.org]

Devitt B.M., Smith B., Stapf R., Jo S., O’Donnell JM: The reliability of commonly used arthroscopic classifications of ligamentum teres pathology. J Hip Preserv Surg 2017;4(2):187-93. [scholar.google]

Gray AJ, Villar RN. The ligamentum teres of the hip: an arthroscopic classification of its pathology. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 1997;13(5):575-8. [sciencedirect.com]

O’Donnell JM, Devitt BM, Arora M. The role of the ligamentum teres in the adult hip: redundant or relevant? A review. Journal of hip preservation surgery 2018;5(1):15-22. [academic.oup.com]

Rao J, Zhou YX, Villar RN. Injury to the ligamentum teres: mechanism, findings, and results of treatment. Clin Sports Med 2001;20(4):791-9. [sportsmed.theclinics.com]

Salas AP, O’Donnell JM. Ligamentum teres injuries - an observational study of a proposed new arthroscopic classification. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2015;2(3):258-264. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, classification, pathology

External links

Arkhipov SV. General Classification of LCF Pathology; Version: 20240420. About round ligament of femur (ligament of head of femur), 2024.04.20. [roundligament.blogspot.com]

In translating to English, the author is assisted by ChatGPT (version 3.5) and the Google Translate service.

BLOG CONTENT

CATALOGS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Comments

4cent.Gothic Bible

About the Book of Genesis of the Gothic Bible (4th century). A Gothic term that may have been used to refer to the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) of an animal and a human. See our commentary at the link: 4cent.Gothic Bible [Rus]. Quote [ Got ] Genesis 32:33 (possible term; original source lost) Translation [Eng] Genesis 32:33 The original text and English translation are currently unavailable to our project. Suggested term: … gabinda ( gabundi) … The closest analogue is in the Epistle to the Colossians 2:19 — jah ni habands haubiþ, us þammei all leik þairh gawissins jah gabindos auknando jah þeihando wahseiþ du wahstau gudis. — καὶ οὐ κρατῶν τὴν κεφαλήν , ἐξ οὗ πᾶν τὸ σῶμα διὰ τῶν ἁφῶν καὶ συνδέσμων ἐπιχορηγούμενον καὶ συμβιβαζόμενον αὔξει τὴν αὔξησιν τοῦ θεοῦ . — And not holding the Head, from which all the body by joints and bands having nourishment ministered, and knit together, increaseth with the increase of God. (original source: wulfila.be ; Codex Ambrosianus? Milan, Bi

2018FreitasA_BandeiraVC

The authors reported a case of open hip dislocation and documented avulsion of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) from the acetabulum. The injured LCF appeared as a large cord-like structure, attached to the femoral head ( Fig. 1 ). Perhaps Hippocrates of Kos saw such an LCF in open dislocation of the hip and described it in his treatise «Mochlicus» ( 1886AdamsF ). One year later, the patient's x-ray revealed a significant narrowing of the joint space in the upper part of the hip joint ( Fig. 9 ). In our opinion, this to be a consequence of hyaline cartilage wear due to overload in the absence of LCF. In an unaffected hip joint, the width of the radiological joint space at the upper section than in the lower section ( Ossification of the LCF ). When examined one year after the injury, the patient could stand on one leg. We noticed that his body was excessively deviated towards the supporting hip joint, and the opposite half of the pelvis was elevated ( Fig. 8 ). This is a me

1875BrauneW

We present a study dedicated to the experimental investigation of the function of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). Wilhelm Braune established that the LCF prevents hip supination and adduction, especially during flexion. In the conclusion of the study, the author writes: "It also remains to determine in which body movements this ligament function plays a role, as it is currently unclear why the femur requires a special fixing device…". Apparently, Wilhelm Braune did not have time to find the answer, since his outstanding monograph on LCF does not say a word ( Braune W, Fischer O. Der Gang des Menschen (1895 books.google ) . Based on our own experiments on mechanical models and research, we believe that adduction and supination of the hip, along with flexion, are observed at the beginning of the single-support period of the step. At this moment, tension occurs in the LCF, allowing to reduce the load on the upper segment of the femoral head. The LCF is also stretched in

927-942Arabic Bible

Fragment of the Book of Bereshit translated into Arabic by Saadia Gaon ( 927-942 ) . The Arabic text contains mentioned to ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) of an animal and a human. See our commentary at the link: 927-942ArabicBible [Rus]. Quote [ a ra] التكوين 32:32 (original source: 1653WaltonB, p. 145) See also modern editions: لذلك لا يأكل بنو اسرائيل عرق النّسا الذي على حقّ الفخذ الى هذا اليوم . لانه ضرب حقّ فخذ يعقوب على عرق النّسا (original source: arabicbible.com ) لِذَلِكَ لا يَاكُلُ بَنُو اسْرَائِيلَ عِرْقَ النَّسَا الَّذِي عَلَى حُقِّ الْفَخِْذِ الَى هَذَا الْيَوْمِ لانَّهُ ضَرَبَ حُقَّ فَخْذِ يَعْقُوبَ عَلَى عِرْقِ النَّسَا (original source: copticchurch.net ) Translation [Eng] Genesis 32:32 Translation of the text is currently unavailable for our project. The term for the LCF: النّسا ~ sciatica ( see also: 70-110Rufus Ephesius ; 180-238PolluxJ ) Saʻadia ben Joseph . Pentateuch ( 1600) , p. 1 ( original: digital.library.yu.edu ) External links Saʻadia

2016ArkhipovaAS Classification of Joints with Flexible Elements.

Classification of Joints with Flexible Elements The classification of joints with flexible elements was first proposed by A.S. Arkhipova in 2016 and presented at conferences in 2016-2017 ( 2017АрхиповаАС ). Joints with flexible elements are divided by the author into detachable and non-detachable, three-axis, two-axis, and single-axis. Each can contain in various combinations one or more external and internal flexible elements - analogs of joint ligaments, including the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). Conditional designations of joints with flexible elements using the example of a ball joint: Detachable ball joint with an internal flexible element Non-detachable ball joint with an internal flexible element Detachable ball joint with an external flexible element Non-detachable ball joint with an external flexible element Detachable ball joint with both internal and external flexible elements Non-detachable ball joint with both internal and external flexible elements Flexible e

1879MorrisH

Fragments of the book Morris H. The anatomy of the joints of man (1879) dedicated to ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). The author discusses the anatomy of the LCF and describes his experiments to study its movement. Quote p p . 318-319 The acetabulum is partly articular, partly non-articular. The articular portion is of horseshoe shape, and extends inwards from the margin, more or less. It is altogether deficient at the cotyloid notch, which corresponds with the gap of the horseshoe. It is the widest at the iliac part, where it is over one inch from without inwards; then it very gradually gets narrower along the ischium, but widens out again at the ischial end of the cotyloid notch ; forwards from the pubo-iliac suture it narrows more rapidly, and does not extend quite up to the pubic end of the cotyloid notch. At its narrowest point in an adult bone it measures half an inch in width. When coated with cartilage, and fringed round with the cotyloid ligament, it fits very closel

DIAGNOSTICS AND EXAMINATION

DIAGNOSTICS AND EXAMINATION (Diagnostic, examination and testing methods... ) Catalog. LCF Pathology Tests Tests for the detection of pathology LCF. 2004VialleR_GlorionC The article discusses the examination technique for dislocation of the femur and describes the radiographic symptom of infringement of the damaged LCF. BLOG CONTENT

150-250Targum Jonathan

Fragments from the Targum Jonathan on Genesis. Tractate was written between about 150 - 250 in lend of Israel. The text is a combination of a translation and commentary on the book of Bereshit. The unknown compiler mentions ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in an animal and an episode of its damage in a human. See our commentary at the link: 150-250Targum Jonathan [Rus]. Quote 1. [Heb] Genesis. 32:33 (original source: sefaria.org ) Quote 2. [Heb] Genesis. 43:16 (original source: sefaria.org ) Translation Quote 1. [Eng] Genesis. 32:33 Therefore, the sons of Israel eat not the sinew which shrank, which is in the hollow of the thigh of cattle and of wild animals, until this day; because the Angel touched and laid hold of the hollow of the right thigh of Jakob, in the place of the sinew which shrank. (Transl. by J.W. Etheridge (186 2 ) ; original source: targum.info ) Quote 2. [Eng] Genesis. 43:16 And Joseph saw Benjamin with them: and he said to Menasheh whom he had made superintende

1679DiemerbroeckI

Fragments from the book Diemerbroeck I. Anatome corporis humani (1679). The author describes the pathology variants, function, topography and attachment of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). The damage to the LCF in hip dislocation, symptoms and treatment are discussed. The text is similar to a paraphrase of Hegetor's work «On Causes» and Galen of Pergamon's commentary on Hippocrates' treatise «On Joints» ( 1745CocchiA ; 2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV ). Isbrand van Diemerbroeck uses many synonyms for LCF: nervus cartilaginosus, terete, teres, rotundum ligamentum, interius ligamentum. Quote p. 593. [Lat] CAPUT XIX. De Ossibus Femoris, & Cruris. Superius procesum crassum, versus coxendicis os prominentem, eique epiphyin rotundam & amplam impositam habet, sicque globosum femoris caput, valida cervice subnixum, constituit, quod cartilagine obductum in coxendicis acetabulum reconditur, in eoque duobus validis ligamentis detinetur: uno lato, crasso, & membranoso,

2014ArkhipovaAS

In 2014, at the International Olympics Space for school students, Alexandra Arkhipova presented a report on the feasibility of using joints with flexible elements in walking machines. The author was recognized as the overall winner (more details: cyclowiki.org ). The report suggested: «An important area of possible application of walking robots would be remote exploration of other planets». Ten years later, professionals from NASA began to put this idea into practice: Robot dog trains to walk on Moon in Oregon trials (more details: bbc.com ). Below we present the text of the first message about walking machines in space, the ball joint of which contains a flexible element - an analogue of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). Mobile biomorphic platforms with analogues of natural locomotion algorithms Arkhipova A.S. For ten years of its mission, American wheeled Mars rover vehicle 'Opportunity' covered just 40 kilometers through the Red Planet, and its twin Spirit go

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