Set of Classifications

General Classification of LCF Pathology

Version: 20240420

Annotation

Analysis of literature data and our own morphological observations allowed us to propose a General Classification of LCF Pathology.

Introduction

In Russia, the initial attempts to classify pathology of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) were made by morphologists. L.I. Gaevskaya distinguished three types of LCF: 1) long and thick (length 41–51 mm, thickness 5 mm), 2) short and thin (length 10–20 mm, thickness 1 mm), 3) long and of small thickness (length 43–45 mm, with a thickness of 3 mm, and length 28–30 mm with a thickness of 4–5 mm) (1954ГаевскаяЛИ). V.V. Kovanov, A.A. Travin identified three varieties of histological structure of LCF: 1) with a predominance of loose connective tissue; 2) with a predominance of dense connective tissue; 3) with a uniform distribution of loose and dense connective tissue (1963КовановВВ_ТравинАА).

The development of arthroscopic surgery has made it possible to identify various, previously undescribed types of LCF pathology, which prompted the development of various modern classifications based on intraoperative observations (1997GrayAJ_VillarRN; 2001RaoJ_VillarRN; 2010CerezalL_Pérez-CarroL; 2011BotserIB_DombBG; 2015SalasAP_O'DonnellJ M; 2017DevittBM_O'DonnellJM; 2018O'DonnellJM_AroraM). Analysis of literature data and our own morphological observations allowed us to propose a General Classification of the Ligamentum Teres Pathology, which has the form of a collection of classifiers (2020ArkhipovSV), as well as a Classification of Functions of the Ligamentum Teres (2020ArkhipovSV). The classification is intended to systematize pathology of LCF, assist in the development of general approaches to its description, registration, analysis, and treatment.

LCF pathology may be caused by local processes and injuries, as well as by diseases of the entire body, individual organs, or systems. Due to this, the systematic classification of all possible changes is challenging. In our collection, we have used terminology accepted in medicine and biology, applying term elements from various classifications: systematic, histological, morphological, traumatological, topographic, and functional.

Catalog. General Classification of LCF Pathology

DOMAINS OF LCF PATHOLOGY

TYPES OF LCF PATHOLOGY

CHARACTER OF LCF PATHOLOGY

FACTORS CAUSING OF LCF PATHOLOGY

VARIANTS OF LCF PATHOLOGY

PHASES OF LCF PATHOLOGY

LOCALIZATION OF LCF PATHOLOGY

LOCALIZATION OFPATHOLOGY IN THE DISTAL ATTACHMENT AREA OF LCF

LOCALIZATION OFPATHOLOGY IN THE PROXIMAL ATTACHMENT AREA OF LCF

LOCALIZATIONOF PATHOLOGY IN THE DISTAL PART OF LCF

LOCALIZATION OFPATHOLOGY IN THE PROXIMAL PART OF LCF

TYPE OF LCF INJURY

SUBTYPE OF LCF INJURY

MECHANISM OF LCF INJURY

DIRECT MECHANISM OF LCF INJURY

INDIRECT MECHANISM OF LCF INJURY

COMBINED MECHANISM OF LCF INJURY

ENERGY OF LCF INJURY

LCF INJURIES FROM THE TYPE OF ITS DEFORMATION

MAIN TYPES OF LCF INJURY

SUBTYPE OF COMPLETE LCF INJURY

SUBTYPE OF PARTIAL LCF INJURY

MORPHOLOGY OF LCF

HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LCF ATTACHMENT SITES

Pathology of the Vascular System OF LCF

Pathology of the Nervous System OF LCF

Typesof LCF Infection

VARIETIES OF LOCAL INFECTIOUS INVOLVEMENT OF LCF

RESULT OF PATHOLOGICAL CHANGE OF LCF

PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF LCF

NECROSIS OF LCF

METAPLASIA OF LCF

Neoplasms OF LCF

CHARACTERISTICS OF LCFCHANGES

CHANGESIN THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LCF

CHANGING THE SPATIAL POSITION OF LCF

CHANGING OF GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF LCF

PATHOLOGY OF LCF ATTACHMENT AREAS

Types of Pathology of LCF Attachment Area

Variants of Pathology of LCF Attachment Area

Pathology of the Distal Attachment Area of LCF

TOPOGORAPHY OF THE ACETABULAR CANAL

PATHOLOGY OF THE ACETABULAR CANAL

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF LCF

Effects of the Mechanical Function of LCF

ALTERNATIVE TYPES OF LCF FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS OF LCF

Degrees of LCF Function Performance

TYPES OF LCF DYSFUNCTIONS

Magnitude of LCF Load

Reasons for Increased Load on LCF

Reasons for Decreased Load on LCF

TYPES OF LCF RECONSTRUCTION

SUBTYPES OF LCF RECONSTRUCTION

Conclusion

We believe that the use of the provided classifiers will allow for a more comprehensive description of LCF pathology, aid in determining rational methods of treatment and restoration of its function, and assist in predicting the outcomes of hip joint diseases and injuries.

References

Гаевская ЛИ. Топографо-анатомические особенности связочного аппарата тазобедренного сустава и их значение для клиники: дис. ... канд. мед. наук. Ленинград, 1954.

Кованов ВВ, Травин АА. Хирургическая анатомия нижних конечностей. Москва, 1963. [1lib.sk]

Arkhipov SV. Classification of functions of the ligamentum teres. Ligamentum teres - ligamentum incognitum. 07.06.2020. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.32089.34403 [researchgate.net]

Arkhipov SV. General classification of the ligamentum teres pathology. Vers. 2.0.1, 41 sections, 343 paragraphs and subparagraphs. Update: 07.06.2020. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.25378.45769 [researchgate.net]

Botser IB, Martin DE, Stout CE, Domb BG. Tears of the ligamentum teres: prevalence in hip arthroscopy using 2 classification systems. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(1):117S-25S. [journals.sagepub.com]

Cerezal L, Kassarjian A, Canga A, Dobado MC, Montero JA, Llopis E, Pérez-Carro L. Anatomy, biomechanics, imaging, and management of ligamentum teres injuries. Radiographics. 2010;30(6):1637-51. [pubs.rsna.org]

Devitt B.M., Smith B., Stapf R., Jo S., O’Donnell JM: The reliability of commonly used arthroscopic classifications of ligamentum teres pathology. J Hip Preserv Surg 2017;4(2):187-93. [scholar.google]

Gray AJ, Villar RN. The ligamentum teres of the hip: an arthroscopic classification of its pathology. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 1997;13(5):575-8. [sciencedirect.com]

O’Donnell JM, Devitt BM, Arora M. The role of the ligamentum teres in the adult hip: redundant or relevant? A review. Journal of hip preservation surgery 2018;5(1):15-22. [academic.oup.com]

Rao J, Zhou YX, Villar RN. Injury to the ligamentum teres: mechanism, findings, and results of treatment. Clin Sports Med 2001;20(4):791-9. [sportsmed.theclinics.com]

Salas AP, O’Donnell JM. Ligamentum teres injuries - an observational study of a proposed new arthroscopic classification. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2015;2(3):258-264. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, classification, pathology

External links

Arkhipov SV. General Classification of LCF Pathology; Version: 20240420. About round ligament of femur (ligament of head of femur), 2024.04.20. [roundligament.blogspot.com]

In translating to English, the author is assisted by ChatGPT (version 3.5) and the Google Translate service.

BLOG CONTENT

CATALOGS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Comments

1845HollsteinL

Fragments from the book Hollstein L. Compendium der Anatomie des Menschen (1865). The author discusses the anatomy of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), and mentions its synonyms. The text is prepared for machine translation using a service built into the blog from Google or your web browser. Quote p. 144 Das Lig am. teres s. rotundum femoris (Fig. 50, 7.) hat eine dreieckige Gestalt, und ist mit seiner Basis in dem Fundus acetabuli, mit seiner rundlichen Spitze in der Fovea capitis ossis femoris befestigt. Es besteht aus einem Bündel Sehnenfasern, und erhält von der Synovialmembran einen scheidenformigen Ueberzug; bisweilen existirt letzterer allein, und manchmal felilt das Band ganz und gar. Fig. 50. Seitliche Ansicht der Bänder des Beckens und Hüftgelenks. Quote p. 145 Die weite Synovialmembran überzieht den Schenkelkopf, geht alsdann als Scheide des Ligam. teres zur Gelenkpfanne über, welche sie ebenfalls auskleidet, und schlägt sich hierauf über die ...

Vertebrates

VERTEBRATES According to the molecular clock, a specific method for dating phylogenetic events, vertebrates (Vertebrata) separated from arthropods (Arthropoda) 976±97 Ma (2004HedgesSB_ShoeJL). The latter began to dominate in species diversity with the Cambrian burst of radiation, which occurred 520 Ma (2010EdgecombeGD). This ratio in the fauna of the Earth is still preserved. Approximately 525 Ma, the phylum Chordates separated from the group of bilaterally symmetrical animals (1995ChenJY_ZhouGQ). In turn, the evolution of chordate organisms led to the formation of the first vertebrates at least 500 Ma, from which the jawed mouths 450-400 Ma descended, becoming the ancestors of the placoderms or "armored" fish (Placodermi) (1979 НаумовНП _ КарташевНН ). Sculptural reconstruction of the placoderm Coccosteus from the order Arthrodires, Middle Devonian, 393.3-382.7 Ma ; exposition of the Orlov Paleontological Museum (Moscow); photo by the author. The first cartilaginou...

1948EpsteinI

Content [i] Annotation [ii] Original text [iii] Illustration [iv] Source & links [v] Notes [vi] Authors & Affiliations [vii] Keywords [i] Annotation Fragments from the book: Epstein I. Babylonian Talmud. Seder Kodashim. Vol. 2. Hullin (1948). The editor comments on the words of Rabbi Samuel (Shmuel) in the tractate Hullin of the Babylonian Talmud, explaining the location of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in relation to the joint and its differences from the sciatic nerve. The original in Russian is available at: 1948EpsteinI . [ii] Original text Quote p. 500 Hullin. Chapter 7.89b MISHNAH. [THE PROHIBITION OF] THE SCIATIC NERVE(1) IS IN FORCE BOTH WITHIN THE HOLY LAND AND OUTSIDE IT, BOTH DURING THE EXISTENCE OF THE TEMPLE AND AFTER IT, IN RESPECT OP BOTH UNCONSECRATED AND CONSECRATED [ANIMALS]. IT APPLIES TO CATTLE AND TO WILD ANIMALS, TO THE RIGHT AND LEFT HIP, BUT IT DOES NOT APPLY TO BIRDS BECAUSE THEY HAVE NO SPOON-SHAPED HIP(2). IT ALSO APPLIES TO A F...

1753AstrucJ

Content [i] Annotation [ii] Original text (in French) [iii] English translation [iv] Source & links [v] Notes [vi] Authors & Affiliations [vii] Keywords [i] Annotation Fragments from the book: Astruc J . Conjectures sur les memoires originaux dont il paroit que Moyse s'est servi pour composer le livre de la Genese (Conjectures on the Original Documents Which Moses Apparently Used in Compiling the Book of Genesis, 1753). In analyzing the book of Genesis, the author cites a French text mentioning a hip injury, damage to the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), and the consequences of an accident. An Russian translation is available at: 1753AstrucJ . [ii] Original text (in French) Quote p. 176 Genesis. Chap. XXXII A 25. Et quand cest hommeld vid qu’il ne le pouvoit vaincre, il toucha l'enrdroit de l'emboifiement de la hanche d'icelui: ainsi l'emboifiement de l'os de la hanche de Jacob fut entors quand l'homme luictoit avec lui. Quote p. 177...

1943SinzWA

Sinz WA , s culpture Jacob and the Angel (1943). Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Walter A. Sinz – Jacob and the Angel (1943). Ceramic. Gift of Hilda Kisella (2007.187) ; original in clevelandart.org collect...

Inferior Portal. Part 2.

Original in Russian is available at the link: Нижний портал. Часть 2. below is a machine translation edited by a non-native speaker. INFERIOR PORTAL FOR HIP ARTHROSCOPY: A PILOT STUDY PART 2. Inferior Portal Prototypes Arkhipov S.V., Independent Researcher, Joensuu, Finland CONTENTS PART 1. Background and Hypothesis [1] . Introduction [2] . Passage through the Inferior Portal [3] . Main Advantages of the Proposed Technique [4] . Specific Risks of the Proposed Technique [5] . Main Limitations of the Proposed Technique [6] . References (Part 1) PART 2. Inferior Portal Prototypes [7] . Open Reduction [8] . Puncture and Arthrography [9] . Arthroscopy and Debridement [10] . References (Part 2) [7] . Open R eduction Our idea to reduce the trauma of hip joint surgery through an inferior approach has a rich history. In the spring of 1907, Professor Karl Rudolf Ludloff (1864-1945, photo )...

Online Journal «ABOUT ROUND LIGAMENT OF FEMUR», May 2026

The journal is dedicated to the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and related topics About the Journal »»» . The online journal « About Round Ligament of Femur » was created based on the scientific blog of the same name. The resource is the English-language part of the project: ONLINE JOURNAL: Ligamentum capitis femoris . Updates: As new materials are prepared. Mission : Popularization and preservation of knowledge about LCF, as well as promoting its practical application. Main goal: Improvement of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of injuries and diseases of the hip joint. Publisher: Arkhipov S.V., independent researcher, PhD, orthopedic surgeon. Reviewers: G...

1914RickettsCS

Ricketts C.S. , Jacob Wrestling with the Angel (before 1914). Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Charles S. Ricketts – Jacob Wrestling with the Angel (before 1914). Presented by Miss Katherine Harris Bradley, origina...

LCF in 2026 (May)

LCF in 2026 (May ) (Quotes from articles and books published in May 2026 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris) Kim, P. S., Kang, C., Lee, J. K., & Hwang, J. M. (2026). Hip arthroscopy to treat symptomatic paralabral cysts: a retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes. Arthroscopy and Orthopedic Sports Medicine , 13 (1), 27-34. [i] e-aosm.org Ko, H. Y. (2026). Vascular Anatomy of the Extremities and Lungs. In Practical Functional Anatomy for Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: A Guide for Physiatrists and Rehabilitation Specialists (pp. 191-223). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. [ii] link.springer.com Aiba, H., Yamaguchi, M., Kimura, H., & Murakami, H. (2026). Advances in limb-salvage surgery and reconstruction for pediatric bone and soft tissue tumors. Frontiers in Pediatrics , 14 , 1817788. [iii] pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Bajwa, A., Villar, R., ...

1981OrtnerDJ_PutscharWGJ

Content [i] Annotation [ii] Original text [iii] Illustrations [iv] Source & links [v] Notes [vi] Authors & Affiliations [vii] Keywords [i] Annotation Fragment from the book: Ortner DJ, Putschar WGJ. Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains (1981). The authors describe signs of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) pathology in the remains of a Bronze Age individual, possibly resulting from recurrent hip subluxation. The text in Russian is available at the following link: 1981OrtnerDJ_PutscharWGJ . [ii] Original text Quote pp. 360-361 An adult male skeleton from tomb A100E at the Early Bronze Age [c. 3500–2000 BCE] cemetery of Bab edh-Dhra in Jordan has an abnormally shallow acetabulum of the right hip. This is the same skeleton that had a separate neural arch. The acetabulum is also much larger in diameter than the corresponding acetabulum of the left innominate (Figure 577). There is a moderate amount of arthritic lipping on the m...

Search This Blog