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NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE

 

NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE: Evidence from 8,000 to 2,000 years BCE.

Catalog of evidence for the specified period:

  • Chinchorro Mummies The practice of embalming and disarticulations in South America 5050-1720 years BCE.
  • Human LCF intersection Probably the first postmortem intersection of the human LCF 8000-4500 years ago.
  • Hip disarticulation of the human Postmortem surgery with intersection of the LCF in humans 15-12.5 thousand years ago.
  • Australian Aborigines Anatomical drawings of the indigenous people of Australia created 24-5 thousand years ago. 
  • 2000-1600bcBM29663 In the list of body parts of a sheep, the author indicates LCF. 
  • 1650-1550bcImhotep the Younger Hypothesis: in the work of fiction, an unknown physician-encyclopedist for the first time pointed out damage to the LCF as a cause of gait disturbance.
  • 1609-1583bcProtoBereshit Hypothesis: in the work of fiction, an unknown physician-encyclopedist for the first time pointed out damage to the LCF as a cause of gait disturbance. 
  • The Shortest Comments on Genesis, Chap. XXXII-XXXIII In the selected excerpt, the symptoms, mechanism, and differential diagnostic test for the injury to LCF are provided, along with details about the circumstances, time, and place of the biblical trauma.  


«Ancient Egyptian library» 
The image was created in collaboration with the Image Creator service from Microsoft.



«Mesopotamian library» 
The image was created in collaboration with the Image Creator service from Microsoft.



THE DOCTRINE OF LCF

                                                                                                    



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CHIEFS OF CREATION

  CHIEFS OF CREATION: 999 to 10,000 y ears  a go . Catalog of evidence for the specified period: Homo ergaster   The species flourished in the period 1.8-0.6 million years ago. Homo antecessor. Hip disarticulation   A case of disarticulation aged over 780 thousand years. Pithecanthropus erectus   LCF of a human ancestor who lived 540-430 thousand years ago on the island of Java. Homo heidelbergensis   Signs of LCF in a human ancestor who lived 600-200 thousand years ago in Europe. Homo   neanderthalensis   A close relative of humans who flourished 500-30 thousand years ago. Homo naledi   A species that lived in southern Africa 335-236 thousand years ago. Homo   floresiensis   A human ancestor who lived on the island of Flores 190-50 thousand years ago. Australian   Aborigines   Anatomical drawings of the indigenous people of Australia created 24-5 thousand years ago. «Chiefs of Creation» The image was created in collaborat...
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Homo ergaster

  HOMO ERGASTER The Homo ergaster species lived in Africa 1.8 million years ago and was alive until 600,000 years ago, likely becoming the ancestor of Homo erectus in Asia, Homo neanderthalensis in Europe, and Homo sapiens in Africa (1995CachelS_HarrisJ; 2005KleinR). Homo ergaster is occasionally equated with Homo erectus in publications (2013TattersallI). The most complete Homo ergaster skeleton belongs to an adolescent named "Turkana Boy" (KNM-WT 15000). The young man was between 8 and 12 years old (2010GravesRR_CunninghamDL; 2019BergmanJ). The age of this individual's remains is believed to be 1.6 million years (2007TattersallI). Turkana Boy (reconstruction) Author: Mettmann Neanderthal Museum; source:  wikimedia.org  collection (license CC BY-SA 4.0, no changes). The pelvis of specimen KNM-WT 15000 is well preserved. It shows ossified acetabulums. In turn, they have spacious acetabular fossae and wide acetabular notches. Based on these elements, it is possible to conc...
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Homo floresiensis

  HOMO FLORESIENSIS Homo floresiensis lived on the island of Flores (Indonesia) 190-50 Kya (2016SutiknaT_RobertsRG). The ancestor of this species is «suspected» to be the Asian subtype Homo erectus, which arrived from the mainland about 800 Kya (2009LyrasGA_DeVosJ). The anatomy of Homo floresiensis is less similar to Homo habilis (2008Gordon_WoodB). Homo floresiensis Author: Cicero Moraes et al.  (Arc-Team)  ; source: wikimedia.org   collection (license CC BY 4.0, no changes). Among the discovered remains of a female Homo floresiensis  ( humanorigins . si . edu )  there is a relatively well-preserved left pelvic bone (LB1/7). It has a « typically human » acetabulum (2009JungersWL_DjubiantonoT:Fig.3). The acetabulum has a complete fusion of the three bones that form it and is not hypoplastic (2012BrownP:Fig.4). The acetabular fossa is rounded and deep, continuing downwards and forwards as a wide acetabular notch. This area is the site of attachment and func...
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Homo naledi

  HOMO NALEDI The species Homo naledi inhabited southern Africa from 335,000 to 236,000 years ago (2017DirksPH_BergerLR). Facial reconstruction of Homo naledi, Author: Cicero Moraes et al. (Arc-Team); source – wikimedia.org   collection (license CC BY 4.0, no changes). Among the preserved remains of Homo naledi there is a femoral head (UW 101-1300) without a lateral surface. On it, the fossa of the femoral head is clearly visible, measuring 8.6 by 6.6 mm. It is deeply pitted with several holes inside. (2016MarchiD_DeSilvaJM:Fig.9). This observation provides clear evidence for the presence of a ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in Homo naledi, specifically the distal attachment site. Homo naledi femur UW 101-1391. Author: Lee Roger Berger research team; source:  wikimedia.org   collection (license CC BY 4.0, no changes). Homo naledi pelvic remains are small fragments of the ilium, ischium, pubis, and sacrum (2018VanSickleC_HawksJ). None of the parts contain an acetabul...
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Homo neanderthalensis

  HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS Homo neanderthalensis flourished 500-30 thousand years ago in Europe and Asia. It is assumed that its ancestor could have been Homo ergaster or Homo heidelbergensis (2005KleinR). Homo sapiens neanderthalensis «Mr. N» Neanderthal Museum in Mettmann, fragment of the original photograph; source in the  wikimedia.org  collection (license CC BY-SA 4.0, no changes). Neanderthal, late type, the old man from La Chapelle-aux-Saints, reconstruction by M.M. Gerasimov; exposition of the Orlov Paleontological Museum (Moscow); photo by the author. A reconstruction of the pelvis of the Neanderthal "Kebara 2" (Israel), whose remains are dated to 64-59 Kya (2021AdegboyegaMT_WeaverTD), is known. The well-preserved right pelvic bone (Fig. 1) has a large acetabulum with fossa and acetabular notch, indicating the presence of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). Neanderthal pelvis, right acetabulum view from the lateral side (3-D model); original image on   sketchfab....
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Homo heidelbergensis

  HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS Anthropologists associate the fossil skeletons of Homo heidelbergensis from Africa and Eurasia with the period 670-150 Kya (2018RoksandicM_LindalJ). Typical Heidelberg people appeared 609±40 Kya, and the latest lived 200-170 Kya (1999RubiniM_MallegniF; 2001MichelV_BoschianG; 2010WagnerGA_RightmireGP). Some researchers believe that Homo heidelbergensis is the predecessor of Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens (2005KleinR). Homo heidelbergensis. The author of the appearance reconstruction is paleoartist John Gurche; Photo by Tim Evanson from  donsmaps.com  (license CC BY-SA 2.0, no changes). Homo heidelbergensis. At the Middle Pleistocene site of Sima de los Huesos in the Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain), well-preserved fragments of the pelvis of Homo heidelbergensis were discovered. The fossilized pelvis is described as robust, very wide, with a long superior pubic ramus and a pronounced iliac protuberance (1999ArsuagaJL_CarbonellE). The age of the re...
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Pithecanthropus erectus

  PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS About 1.8 Ma, the first group of ancient human ancestors, Homo erectus, migrated from Africa to Eurasia(2014MatsubayashiK). As they spread, part of the population colonized the islands of Southwest Asia, in particular the Malay Archipelago. In 1891-1892, on the island of Java, Eugène Dubois (1858-1940) excavated the remains of an «old female» whom he named Pithecanthropus erectus (2004DeVosJ). Anthropologists also call this individual: Anthropopithecus erectus, Homo erectus, and Java Man (2000SwisherIIICC_LewinR; 2024PopE_SpoorF). The discovered skull fragment and molar allowed to reconstruct the appearance of Pithecanthropus erectus. Early Pithecanthropus from Java Island (Sangiran-17), about 1 million years old, reconstruction by M.L. Butovskaya; State Darwin Museum (Moscow), photo by the author. The soil layer that preserved the mentioned Homo erectus specimen is dated in the range from 0.54±0.10 to 0.43±0.05 Ma (2015JoordensJC_RoebroeksW). A notable co...
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Primates

  Primates: Prosimii & Anthropoidea In the Late Devonian, or 367.5 Ma, the Amniota branch arose from amphibians (2011PyronRA). In that cohort, synapsids (Synapsid) initially emerged, followed by sauropsida (Sauropsida), and then reptiles (Reptilia) (1995LaurinM_ReiszRR). The first representatives of the reptile-like (Reptilomorpha) tetrapods colonized the continents 363-290 Ma (1995LundbergJG).  The earliest synapsid is recognized as Asaphestera platyris from the early Pennsylvanian subperiod, which lasted from 323.2 ± 0.4 to 315.2 ± 0.2 Ma (2020MannA_AndersonJS; 2023CohenKM_CarN). According to molecular clock data, mammals (Mammalia), also called animals (Theria), separated 310 Ma from the lineage that extended to reptiles (2004HedgesSB_ShoeJL). The first animals that suckled their young with milk stood out among the primitive synapsids - the ancestors of cynodonts (Cynodontia) (2013VaughanTA_CzaplewskiNJ). The oldest mammal Liaoconodon hui was found in deposits of the e...
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