The Big Bang
The maximum age of the observable Universe, established by measuring the
anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background, is 13.801±0.024 billion years.
(2020AghanimN_RoudierG). The relic stages of the creation of the World are only
approximately understood by theoretical physicists. The development of matter into
molecules, as well as the start of time, is logically described by the Big Bang
theory and the concept of the expansion of space (2012HawkingS). It is
impossible to imagine the Universe before its expansion from some homogeneous
space or an infinitesimal grain. The reason for this is the «inner cosmic
oblivion» of the previous state (2007BojowaldM). In our opinion, before that
there was a black, cold, motionless Peace. Accordingly, before the mark of 13.8
billion years ago, the search for evidence of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF)
is futile anywhere in the Universe.
One second after the Big Bang, the Universe consisted of light and elementary particles heated to 10 billion degrees Celsius. About 380 thousand years later, atomic nuclei began to capture electrons. Over the next 200 million years, the Universe consisted of hydrogen, helium, and trace amounts of other chemical elements. Then the first stars lit up, gathering into the first galaxies over several hundred million years (science.nasa.gov).
The oldest known galaxy, JADES-GS-z14-0, has a redshift of 14.32,
meaning it arose no later than 300 million years after the Big Bang
(CarnianiS_WillmerCN). Bright emission lines of hydrogen and oxygen have been
observed in the spectrum of JADES-GS-z14-0 (blogs.nasa.gov). In the galaxies
that arose around 300 million years later, stars have an approximate age of
30–50 million years (RobertsonB_WitstokJ). Carbon synthesis and its ratio to
oxygen similar to and higher than the solar one is noted in the galaxy GS-z12,
formed approximately 350 million years after the Big Bang
(D’EugenioF_WillottC). Carbon grains have been discovered in the galaxy
JADES-GS-z6-0, which is approximately 800 million years old after the Big Bang
(WitstokJ_WillmerCN).
Therefore, in JADES-GS-z6-0 there are chemical prerequisites for the
emergence of the known form of carbon-based life and creatures capable of
locomotion. We cannot exclude that on one of the planets of this galaxy the
first LCF in the Universe arose. If the evolution of living beings proceeded at
the Earth's speed (see Tiktaalik roseae), then the oldest LCF could have formed
4.975-4.935 billion years after the Big Bang or 8.865-8.825 billion years ago.
It should be noted that in this case we are talking about LCF from
ordinary matter available for us to study. It accounts for 4.9% of the
mass/energy density of the Universe. At the same time, dark matter, detected by
indirect signs (gravitational influence), makes up 26.8% (cam.ac.uk). The
presented data suggest that LCF from dark matter may exist in parallel,
including on Earth.
References
Aghanim N, Akrami Y, Ashdown M, Aumont J, Baccigalupi C, Ballardini M, ... Roudier G. Planck 2018 results-VI. Cosmological parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2020;641:A6. [aanda.org]
Hawking S. The Beginning of Time (lecture), 2012. [kanzeon.nl]
Bojowald M. What happened before the Big Bang? Nature Physics. 2007;3(8)523-5. [nature.com]
Carniani S, Hainline K, D’Eugenio F, Eisenstein DJ, Jakobsen P, Witstok J, ... Willmer CN. Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14. Nature. 2024;633:318-22. [nature.com]
Robertson B, Johnson BD, Tacchella S, Eisenstein DJ, Hainline K, Arribas S, ... Witstok J. Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density 300 Myr after the Big Bang. The Astrophysical Journal. 2024;970(1)31. [iopscience.iop]
D’Eugenio F, Maiolino R, Carniani S, Chevallard J, Curtis-Lake E, Witstok J, ... Willott C. JADES: Carbon enrichment 350 Myr after the Big Bang. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2024;689:A152. [aanda.org]
Witstok J, Shivaei I, Smit R, Maiolino R, Carniani S, Curtis-Lake E, ... Willmer CN. Carbonaceous dust grains seen in the first billion years of cosmic time. Nature. 2023;621(7978)267-70. [nature.com]
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«The Beginning Of Time» The image was created in collaboration with the Image Creator service
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