Skip to main content

The Big Bang

 

The Big Bang

The maximum age of the observable Universe, established by measuring the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background, is 13.801±0.024 billion years. (2020AghanimN_RoudierG). The relic stages of the creation of the World are only approximately understood by theoretical physicists. The development of matter into molecules, as well as the start of time, is logically described by the Big Bang theory and the concept of the expansion of space (2012HawkingS). It is impossible to imagine the Universe before its expansion from some homogeneous space or an infinitesimal grain. The reason for this is the «inner cosmic oblivion» of the previous state (2007BojowaldM). In our opinion, before that there was a black, cold, motionless Peace. Accordingly, before the mark of 13.8 billion years ago, the search for evidence of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) is futile anywhere in the Universe.

One second after the Big Bang, the Universe consisted of light and elementary particles heated to 10 billion degrees Celsius. About 380 thousand years later, atomic nuclei began to capture electrons. Over the next 200 million years, the Universe consisted of hydrogen, helium, and trace amounts of other chemical elements. Then the first stars lit up, gathering into the first galaxies over several hundred million years (science.nasa.gov).

The oldest known galaxy, JADES-GS-z14-0, has a redshift of 14.32, meaning it arose no later than 300 million years after the Big Bang (CarnianiS_WillmerCN). Bright emission lines of hydrogen and oxygen have been observed in the spectrum of JADES-GS-z14-0 (blogs.nasa.gov). In the galaxies that arose around 300 million years later, stars have an approximate age of 30–50 million years (RobertsonB_WitstokJ). Carbon synthesis and its ratio to oxygen similar to and higher than the solar one is noted in the galaxy GS-z12, formed approximately 350 million years after the Big Bang (D’EugenioF_WillottC). Carbon grains have been discovered in the galaxy JADES-GS-z6-0, which is approximately 800 million years old after the Big Bang (WitstokJ_WillmerCN).

Therefore, in JADES-GS-z6-0 there are chemical prerequisites for the emergence of the known form of carbon-based life and creatures capable of locomotion. We cannot exclude that on one of the planets of this galaxy the first LCF in the Universe arose. If the evolution of living beings proceeded at the Earth's speed (see Tiktaalik roseae), then the oldest LCF could have formed 4.975-4.935 billion years after the Big Bang or 8.865-8.825 billion years ago.

It should be noted that in this case we are talking about LCF from ordinary matter available for us to study. It accounts for 4.9% of the mass/energy density of the Universe. At the same time, dark matter, detected by indirect signs (gravitational influence), makes up 26.8% (cam.ac.uk). The presented data suggest that LCF from dark matter may exist in parallel, including on Earth.

References

Aghanim N, Akrami Y, Ashdown M, Aumont J, Baccigalupi C, Ballardini M, ... Roudier G. Planck 2018 results-VI. Cosmological parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2020;641:A6. [aanda.org]

Hawking S. The Beginning of Time (lecture), 2012. [kanzeon.nl]

Bojowald M. What happened before the Big Bang? Nature Physics. 2007;3(8)523-5. [nature.com]

Carniani S, Hainline K, D’Eugenio F, Eisenstein DJ, Jakobsen P, Witstok J, ... Willmer CN. Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14. Nature. 2024;633:318-22. [nature.com]

Robertson B, Johnson BD, Tacchella S, Eisenstein DJ, Hainline K, Arribas S, ... Witstok J. Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density 300 Myr after the Big Bang. The Astrophysical Journal. 2024;970(1)31. [iopscience.iop]

D’Eugenio F, Maiolino R, Carniani S, Chevallard J, Curtis-Lake E, Witstok J, ... Willott C. JADES: Carbon enrichment 350 Myr after the Big Bang. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2024;689:A152. [aanda.org]

Witstok J, Shivaei I, Smit R, Maiolino R, Carniani S, Curtis-Lake E, ... Willmer CN. Carbonaceous dust grains seen in the first billion years of cosmic time. Nature. 2023;621(7978)267-70. [nature.com] 

 

«The Beginning Of Time»
The image was created in collaboration with the Image Creator service from Microsoft.

                                                                     

The original text in Russian is available at the link: Большой взрыв

NB! Fair practice / use: copied for the purposes of criticism, review, comment, research and private study in accordance with Copyright Laws of the US: 17 U.S.C. §107; Copyright Law of the EU: Dir. 2001/29/EC, art.5/3a,d; Copyright Law of the RU: ГК РФ ст.1274/1.1-2,7

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Set of Classifications

  General Classification of LCF Pathology Version : 20240420 Annotation Analysis of literature data and our own morphological observations allowed us to propose a General Classification of LCF Pathology. Introduction In Russia, the initial attempts to classify pathology of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) were made by morphologists. L.I. Gaevskaya distinguished three types of LCF: 1) long and thick (length 41–51 mm, thickness 5 mm), 2) short and thin (length 10–20 mm, thickness 1 mm), 3) long and of small thickness (length 43–45 mm, with a thickness of 3 mm, and length 28–30 mm with a thickness of 4–5 mm) (1954 ГаевскаяЛИ ). V.V. Kovanov, A.A. Travin identified three varieties of histological structure of LCF: 1) with a predominance of loose connective tissue; 2) with a predominance of dense connective tissue; 3) with a uniform distribution of loose and dense connective tissue ( 1963 КовановВВ _ ТравинАА ). The development of arthroscopic surgery has made it possible to i...

Topography of the Acetabular Canal

   Version : 20250728 Topography of the Acetabular Canal Side Femoral (lateral) Pelvic (medial)   Contents Synovial fluid Ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) White adipose tissue Loose connective tissue Synovial membrane Transverse acetabular ligament Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphatic vessels   Sections Peripheral section Central section Subsynovial section Suprasynovial section   Peripheral Section Entrance foramen -- Upper edge -- Lower edge -- Anterior edge -- Posterior edge External segment (subligamentous) - Superior wall - Inferior wall - Posterior wall - Anterior wall Internal segment (extraligamentous) - Subsynovial part (tier) -- Superior wall -- Inferior wall -- Posterior wall -- Anterior wall - Suprasinovial part (tier) -- Superior wall -- Inferior wall -- Posterior wall -- Anterior wall   Central Section Iliac recess Ischial recess Subsynovial part (tier) - Outer margin - Medial wall - Lateral wall - Anteroinferior wall - Posteroinferior wall - Supra...

LCF in 2025 (July)

    LCF in 2025 ( July )   (Quotes from articles and books published in July 2025 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris.) Tekcan, D., Bilgin, G., & Güven, Ş. Evaluation of Risk Factors for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. HAYDARPAŞA NUMUNE MEDICAL JOURNAL , 65 (2), 99-103.   [i]   jag.journalagent.com   Domb, B. G., & Sabetian, P. W. (2025). Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome: Gluteal Tendinopathy, Partial Tear, Complete Tear, Iliotibial Band Syndrome, and Bursitis. In Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (pp. 1-17). Springer, Cham.   [ii]   link.springer.com   Kuhns, B. D., Becker, N., Patel, D., Shah, P. P., & Domb, B. G. (2025). Significant Heterogeneity in Existing Literature Limits Both Indication and Outcome Comparability Between Studies Involving Periacetabular Osteotomy For Acetabular Dysplasia With or Without Arthroscopy Despite Improvement for Both: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy .   [iii]   ...

BLOG CONTENT

  T he ligament of the head of femur or ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) is the key to a graceful gait and understanding the causes of hip joint diseases. We present promising scientific knowledge necessary for preserving health,  to create new implants and techniques  of treating degenerative  pathology and damage of the hip joint. Project objective : preserving a normal gait and quality of life, helping to study of hip joint biomechanics, developing effective treatments for its diseases and injuries. In translating to English, the author is assisted by ChatGPT (version 3.5)  and the Google Translate service .  We're sorry for any flaws in the syntax. The meaning makes up for the imperfections!     TABLES OF CONTENTS    Acetabular Canal   (Anatomy, topography and significance of the functioning area of ​​the ligamentum capitis femoris) Acetabular Canal.  Part 1.   This article describes the space where the ligam...

Online Journal «ABOUT ROUND LIGAMENT OF FEMUR», June 2025

  The journal is dedicated to the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and related topics   About the Journal   »»»                                                                                . The online journal  « About Round Ligament of  Femur »   was created based on the scientific blog of the same name. The resource is the English-language part of the project:  ONLINE JOURNAL:  Ligamentum capitis femoris .   Updates:  As new materials are prepared. Mission :   Popularization and preservation of knowledge about LCF, as well as promoting its practical application. Main goal:  Improvement of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of injuries and diseases of the hip joint. Publisher:  Arkhipov S.V., independent researc...

1864MacalisterA

  Content [i]   Annotaction [ii]   Original in  English [iii]   Translated into  German [iv]   Illustrations [v]   Source  &  links [vi]   Notes [vii]   Authors & Affiliations [viii]   Keywords [i]   Annotaction Fragment of the article: Macalister A. On the anatomy of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) (1864). The author observed ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in an ostrich. Its strength is noted, and its shape is described. Translation into Russian is available at the link: 1864MacalisterA .  [ii]   Original in  English   Quote, p. 22 The articulations of the lower extremity present many points of mechanical importance. The first, or the hip, is an enarthrosis, surrounded by a capsule, loose, expanding inferiorly; the synovial membrane spreads over the great trochanter; a strong transverse band passes from the border of the lesser sciatic notch to the upper and posterior edge of the acetab...

1835CooperAP

  Fragments of the book Cooper AP. Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Surgery (1835) dedicated to ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). The author discusses LCF injury during hip dislocation and notes the important role of its blood vessels in supplying the femoral head.   Quote p. 577 DISLOCATIONS OF THE HIP JOINT … It generally happens when the thighs are widely separated from each other, that the ligamentum teres and capsular ligament are torn through, and the head of the bone is situated on the obturator externus muscle at the inner and back part of the thigh. Quote pp. 584-585 ON DISLOCATIONS OF THE THIGH BONE … But the third and principal reason is, the almost entire absence of ossific union in the head of the bone when detached from its cervix. The principal supply of blood to the head of the bone being derived from the ligamentum teres, which has only a few minute vessels ramifying from it on the bone, the natural supply of blood for the neck and head ...

Online Journal «ABOUT ROUND LIGAMENT OF FEMUR», May 2025

  The journal is dedicated to the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and related topics   About the Journal   »»»                                                                                . The online journal  « About Round Ligament of  Femur »   was created based on the scientific blog of the same name. The resource is the English-language part of the project:  ONLINE JOURNAL:  Ligamentum capitis femoris .   Updates:  As new materials are prepared. Mission :  Popularization and preservation of knowledge about LCF, as well as promoting its practical application. Main goal:  Improvement of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of injuries and diseases of the hip joint. Publisher:  Arkhipov S.V., independent research...

OLDEST SYNONYMS

  There are more than 100 terms for ligamentum capitis femoris. The oldest synonyms:   Sumer (ca. 5500 – ca. 2004 BCE): [sa] [Eng] 911-612bcK2453 https://roundligament.blogspot.com/2024/09/911-612bck2453.html For more details, see the comment from: [Rus] 911-612bcK2453 https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/09/911-612bck2453.html   Ancient Egypt (ca. 3150 BC – 332 BCE): [mt /met] [Eng] 1650-1550bcImhotep the Younger https://roundligament.blogspot.com/2024/09/1650-1550bcimhotep-younger.html For more details, see the comment from: [Rus] 1650-1550bcImhotep the Younger   https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/09/1650-1550bcimhotep-younger.html   Akkadian Empire (ca. 2334 – 2154 BCE): [nimsu]   [Eng] 2000-1600bcBM29663 https://roundligament.blogspot.com/2024/09/2000-1600bcbm29663.html For more details, see the comment from: [Rus] 2000-1600bcBM29663 https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/09/2000-1600bcbm29663.html   Ancient Israel and Judah (ca...

Online Journal «ABOUT ROUND LIGAMENT OF FEMUR», February 2025

    SCIENTIFIC THEMATIC ONLINE JOURNAL « About Round Ligament of Femur » February, 2025 The publication is dedicated to the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and related topics.   About the Journal The online journal  « About Round Ligament of  Femur »   was created based on the scientific blog of the same name. Updates: As new materials are prepared.  Purpose:  Popularization and preservation of knowledge about LCF, as well as promoting its practical application. Main goal: Improvement of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of injuries and diseases of the hip joint.   Announcements 25.02.2025 A Facebook group « LIGAMENTUM CAPITIS FEMORIS »  has been created.  26.02.2025 The scientific blog « About Round Ligament of Femur » has been transformed into an online journal of the same name.   Surgical Treatment ...