New publications of our resource in 2026 The initial phase of collecting data on LCF, accumulated prior to the 20th century, is largely complete. Next, we plan to analyze and synthesize thematic information, adding data from the 20th and 21st centuries. The work will focus primarily on: prevention, diagnosis, arthroscopy, plastic surgery, and endoprosthetics. Marсh 3 , 2026 Great Compilation. Chapter 18 Great Compilation. Chapter 19 Marсh 2 , 2026 Great Compilation. Chapter 16 Great Compilation. Chapter 17 Marсh 1 , 2026 LCF in 2026 (February) Quotes from articles and books published in February 2026 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris. Tweet of March 1, 2026 Great Compilation. Chapter 15 February 28 , 2026 Online Journal «ABOUT ROUND LIGAMENT OF FEMUR», February 2026 Great Compilation. Chapter 13 Great Compilation. Chapter 14 February 27 , 2026 Great Compilation. Chapter 12...
English version of the article: Архипов СВ. Книга Берешит как великая компиляция текстов и смыслов Второго переходного периода Египта: пилотная культурологическая, медицинская, археологическая и текстологическая экспертиза преданий против традиционной атрибуции. Введение. О круглой связке бедра. 14.02.2026. The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2026АрхиповСВ
The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 19
By Sergey V. Arkhipov, MD, PhD
CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 19 Analysis [iii] Notes to Chapter 19 [iv] AI Agent's Conclusion [v] Content [vi] External links [vii] Application |
The Book of Genesis (Bereshith) was composed in Egypt during the 17th century BCE and reached its definitive protographic form following the Minoan eruption of Thera. This study argues that the work was the result of a collaboration between an Egyptian polymath and a distinguished scribe of Asiatic descent. By analyzing ancient texts, anatomical descriptions, archaeological data, Bronze Age cultural history, and climatic markers, this article demonstrates that the book emerged from the work of a high-ranking socio-political committee within the Egyptian House of Life. We argue that the inclusion of precise anatomical data, such as the ligamentum capitis femoris, serves as a diagnostic marker of this Egyptian medical-scribal collaboration, challenging the late-date theories of the documentary hypothesis.
[ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 19 Analysis
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Excerpt from the
Book of Genesis (1922LeeserI:21-22)
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Type of
similarity and justification |
Ancient Near
Eastern and Egyptian Contexts (Parallels, Analogies,
Convergences, Borrowings, and Inversions in Archaeology, Culture, Medical
Knowledge, and Historical Facts: Mesopotamia, the Levant, Anatolia, and the
Nile Valley)
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1 And the two angels came to Sodom in the evening, and Lot was sitting in the gate of Sodom ; and when Lot saw them he rose up to meet them, and he bowed himself with his face to the ground. 2 And he said. Behold now, my lords, turn in, I pray you, into your servant's house, and tarry all night, and wash your feet, and ye can rise up early, and go on your way. And they said. Nay; but we will abide in the street all night. … 37 And the first-born bore a son, and called his name Moab; the same is the father of the Moabites unto this day. 38 And the younger, she also bore a son, and called his name Ben-ammi: the same is the father of the children of Ammon unto this day.
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Psychopathological symptomatology. There is a correspondence in the recording of
altered states of consciousness (hallucinations and delirium), which may
result from intoxication on one hand and a space-occupying lesion in the
brain on the other.
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Mesopotamia In the Akkadian «Epic of
Gilgamesh», the ailing hero speaks
in a state of delirium: «Enkidu raised his eyes, ... and spoke to the
door as if it were human: "You stupid wooden door, with no ability to
understand ... ! Already at 20 leagues I selected the wood for you, until I
saw the towering Cedar ... Your wood was without compare in my eyes".»
(1989KovacsMG:60). The standard version of the «Epic of Gilgamesh», first
written in the Old Babylonian period (1800-1600 BCE) (1989KovacsMG:xxii).
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1 And the two angels came to Sodom in the evening, and Lot was sitting in the gate of Sodom ; and when Lot saw them he rose up to meet them, and he bowed himself with his face to the ground. 2 And he said. Behold now, my lords, turn in, I pray you, into your servant's house, and tarry all night, and wash your feet, and ye can rise up early, and go on your way. And they said. Nay; but we will abide in the street all night. … 37 And the first-born bore a son, and called his name Moab; the same is the father of the Moabites unto this day. 38 And the younger, she also bore a son, and called his name Ben-ammi: the same is the father of the children of Ammon unto this day.
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Nosological consistency. There is a parallel in the recording of specific cognitive distortions
(auditory hallucinations or delirium) as symptoms of central nervous system damage.
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Egypt The «Edwin
Smith Papyrus» (1650–1550 BCE), specifically in Cases No. 7 and 8, describes
cerebral dysfunction resulting from cranial trauma (1930BreastedJH:175,201; sae.saw-leipzig.de). In Case № 8 of
the «Edwin Smith Papyrus», mention is made of a patient into whom something
demonic has penetrated from the outside; modern translators interpret this as
a clinical description of the consequences of a stroke
(2014MeltzerES_SanchezGM:92; sae.saw-leipzig.de).
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17 And it came to pass, when they had brought them forth abroad, that
he said, Escape for thy life, look not behind thee, neither stay thou in all
the plain ; escape to the mountain; lest thou be consumed. |
Psychological dualism. In both cases, the «soul» is perceived not as a metaphor, but as a
concrete vital substance that must be reckoned with and preserved. |
Egypt In «The Dispute between a Man and His Ba» (12th Dynasty), a similar concept is employed in the
phrase: «My ba shall not go, It shall attend to me in this!»
(2006LichtheimM:1.164). An important concept: «Ba = «divine power», «soul»
(2006LichtheimM:1.245). Pyramid of Pepi I (6th
Dynasty, ca. 2289–2255 BCE) Recitation № 318 «Hey, Sun! Now, that which you said, Sun — “Oh
for a son,” so you said, Sun, “ba, in control, esteemed, with active arms
(and wide stride” — here is Pepi, Sun. Pepi is your son: Pepi is ba, Pepi is
esteemed, Pepi is in control, Pepi’s arms are active), this Pepi’s stride is
wide.»
(2007AllenJP:123). Recitation № 319 «Ho, Pepi! You shall become ba as the bas of
Heliopolis, you shall become ba as the bas of Nekhen, you shall become ba as
the bas of Pe, you shall become ba as the living star at the fore of his
brothers.» (2007AllenJP:124). Coffin Texts (2134-2040 BCE) Spell № 77
«I am this soul of Shu which is in the Hamel of the fiery blast which Atum
kindled with his own hand.» (1973FaulknerRO:80). We also read in the Coffin Texts, Spell
№ 96 «I have crossed the west of the sky, I have traversed the east of the
sky, it is Re who made my soul for me, and it is I who made a soul for Re.» (1973FaulknerRO:95).
«Three Tales of Wonder»
(Papyrus Westcar, Hyksos period) we read: «May your ba know the way that
leads to the portal that conceals the dead. Thus greetings to a prince!» (2006LichtheimM:1.218).
In «The Story of Sinuhe» (Middle
Kingdom), it is stated: «My ba was gone, my limbs trembled; my heart
was not in my body, I did not know life from death.» (2006LichtheimM:1.231).
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24 And the Lord rained upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and
fire, from the Lord, out of heaven ; 25 And he overthrew those cities, and
all the plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew
upon the ground. |
Meteorite catastrophe. A commonality of memories regarding the observation
of large celestial bodies falling is demonstrated, along with the
interpretation of the event as a divine strike. |
Egypt In the «Legend of Horus of Behdet, the Winged Sun» (1st century BCE),
Horus took the form of a winged solar disk, soared into the heavens, and from
above «swiftly fell upon the fiends of darkness, raging against them so
fiercely that he slaughtered the entire host instantly, and not a single head
remained alive» (2004РакИВ:48). The gilded serpent in the tale of «The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor» (late 11th – early 12th Dynasty) recalls: «There were seventy-five of us serpents, including my children and my brothers... a star fell and consumed them with fire» (1978КоростовцевМА:42). In another translation of «The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor» (Middle Kingdom), we read: «I was here with my brothers and there were children with them. In all we were seventy-five serpents, children and brothers, without mentioning a little daughter whom I had obtained through prayer. Then a star fell, and they went up in flames through it. lt so happened that I was not with them in the fire, I was not among them. 1 could have died for their sake when I found them as one heap of corpses.» (2006LichtheimM:1.213).
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32 Come, let us make our father drink wine, and we will lie with him,
that we may preserve seed of our father. 33 And they made their father drink
wine that night ; and the first-born went in, and lay with her father, and he
perceived not when she. lay down, nor when she arose. 34 And it came to pass
on the morrow, that the first-born said unto the younger, Behold, I lay
yesternight with my father; let us make him drink wine this night also, and
go thou in, and lie with him, that we may preserve seed of our father. 35 And
they made their father drink wine that night also ; and the younger arose,
and lay with him, and he perceived not when she lay down, nor when she arose.
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Lexical borrowing of the word «wine». |
This ancient cultural word must
have originated either from the Eastern Mediterranean or from the Southern
Caucasus (2021NoonanBJ:112-113). |
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32 Come, let us make our father drink wine, and we will lie with him,
that we may preserve seed of our father. 33 And they made their father drink
wine that night ; and the first-born went in, and lay with her father, and he
perceived not when she. lay down, nor when she arose. 34 And it came to pass
on the morrow, that the first-born said unto the younger, Behold, I lay
yesternight with my father; let us make him drink wine this night also, and
go thou in, and lie with him, that we may preserve seed of our father. 35 And
they made their father drink wine that night also ; and the younger arose,
and lay with him, and he perceived not when she lay down, nor when she arose.
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Cultural-Existential
Convergence. Reflection of
the common practice of vine cultivation and a uniform perception of the
intoxicating beverage as a means that radically alters consciousness.
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Egypt In the Pyramid Texts (2350-2175 BCE) Utterance
№ 155 (93b) & № 157 (94b) it is said about different types of wine: « Two jars of wine of Buto.» and «Two jars of
wine of Pelusium.» (1952MercerSAB:77). In the Utterance
№ № 504 (1082a) of Pyramid Texts (2350-2175 BCE), we read: «The sky is
pregnant with the wine juice of the vine» (1952MercerSAB:293). Pyramid of Pepi I (6th Dynasty, ca. 2289–2255 BCE) Recitation
№ 311: «The vine will [recognize] you and the sidder will turn his head to
you—as an offering that Anubis has made exist for you.» (2007AllenJP:121). In «The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant» (Middle Kingdom): there are the
words: «The vintner of evil waters his plot with crimes, Until his plot
sprouts falsehood, His estate flows with crimes!» (2006LichtheimM:1.179). In the story
«The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor» (Middle Kingdom), we read: «I found figs
and grapes there, all sorts of fine vegetables, sycamore figs, unnotched and
notched, and cucumbers that were as if tended.» (2006LichtheimM:1.212). The myth «On the Destruction of Mankind» («The Book of the Heavenly
Cow») recounts how Sekhmet saw the spilled beer: «And then she began to
drink, and it was sweet to her heart. And she went and did not recognize the
people» (1940МатьеМВ:76). In another
retelling of this legend, we read: «The intoxicating liquid had its effect:
Hathor-Sekhmet became so drunk that she could not distinguish people» (1983ЛипинскаяЯ_МарцинякМ:113). There is an authoritative opinion that
this myth, «The Destruction of Mankind», is likely a tale of the Middle
Kingdom (2006LichtheimM:2:197).
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Diplomatic immunity and the protocol of host responsibility.
«5 And they called unto Lot, and said unto him. Where are the men who came in to thee this night? bring them out unto us, that we may know them. 6 And Lot went out unto them, at the entrance (of the house), and shut the door after him, 7 And he said, I pray you, my brethren, do not act wickedly.»
The actions of Lot in defending the «door» (Genesis 19:5–7) are not merely an act of personal hospitality but a reflection of the rigorous legal standards governing the protection of state messengers (mār šipri) in the Old Babylonian period. This jurisdictional parallel is confirmed by the diplomatic practices. From the letters of the royal archives of Mari, dating to the first half of the 18th century BCE, the protocols regarding diplomatic representatives of the Mesopotamian polities are well-documented. In particular, an influential courtier was identified who «personally responsible to his lord for the safety and well-being of messengers in his charge. <…> In his own country he would be of material assistance in dealing with the local authorities and tribes through whose territory the route lay, but his duties did not end at his frontier for he accompanied the returning envoy to his final destination.» (1956Munn-RankinJM:106).
(The conclusion compiled by the AI agent, with our minor changes)
Preliminary Conclusion to the Analysis of Genesis Chapter 19
The interdisciplinary analysis suggests that Genesis 19 is a sophisticated literary reconstruction of a pathological state, synthesized by an author with significant medical and philological training. The narrative reflects the cultural and clinical landscape of the Middle Bronze Age and Second Intermediate Period (1800–1550 BCE).
1.
Clinical-Literary Synthesis (Nosological Consistency)
The author
demonstrates a profound grasp of psychopathological symptomatology documented
in the Edwin Smith Papyrus (1650–1550 BCE) and the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Delirium
and Hallucination: The
chaotic interactions at the door of Lot’s house serve as a clinical-literary
parallel to the state of delirium (addressing inanimate objects as human)
recorded in the Old Babylonian version of Gilgamesh.
Neurological Framing: By utilizing descriptions of cerebral dysfunction from Cases № 7 and 8 of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, the author frames the «destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah» as a projection of an altered state of consciousness, likely resulting from intoxication, a cyst, a brain tumor, or trauma.
2.
Meteorological and Mythological Transposition
The
«catastrophe» in Sodom is analyzed not as a geological event, but as a literary
borrowing of celestial phenomena documented in Middle Kingdom texts.
Meteorite Catastrophe: The description of «fire from heaven» (Gen 19:24) mirrors the meteorological parallels found in the Legend of Horus of Behdet and the Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (12th Dynasty). The author adapts the «falling star» motif—the earliest recorded memory of a celestial impact—to provide a dramatic, divine-sanctioned climax to the narrative.
3.
Anthropological Realism (Psychological Dualism)
The concept
of the «soul» in Genesis 19:17 is treated with psychological dualism typical of
the Middle Kingdom.
Substantial Soul: Following the tradition of the Dispute between a Man and His Ba and the Story of Sinuhe, the author presents the «soul» (ba) as a concrete vital substance. The urgency of the flight is a technical necessity to preserve this physical «ba» from «extinction», reflecting the medical-religious reality of the 18th–16th centuries BCE.
4.
Cultural and Linguistic Convergence (Wine and Intoxication)
The final
scene of the chapter (Gen 19:32-35) utilizes a Cultural-Existential Convergence
regarding the effects of alcohol.
Lexical
Borrowing: The
mention of «wine» and its role in altering consciousness aligns with the
Pyramid Texts and the Myth of the Destruction of Mankind (Middle Kingdom).
Hathor-Sekhmet Parallel: The author employs the motif of the «intoxicating liquid» that prevents a person from «recognizing people», effectively mirroring the loss of identity and social norms found in Egyptian traditions.
Summary
Genesis 19 represents a deliberate literary construct created by an author intimately familiar with the medical and mythological corpora of the Second Intermediate Period (approx. 1800–1550 BCE). Rather than recording a historical geological event, the text functions as a clinical-literary synthesis, where the «catastrophe» is built from repurposed elements: Egyptian descriptions of cerebral trauma (Edwin Smith Papyrus), the meteorological imagery of falling stars (Shipwrecked Sailor), and the anthropological reality of the physical soul (Ba). The high density of linguistic and thematic correspondences suggests that the author possessed a «medical library» level of knowledge, allowing them to translate pathological states into a structured narrative of divine judgment.
Sumer (c. 3300 – before 1900 BCE) britannica.com
The Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2543 – c. 2120 BCE) britannica.com
The Third Dynasty of Ur (22nd – 21st cent. BCE) britannica.com
The First Intermediate period of Egypt (c. 2118 – c. 1980 BCE) britannica.com
The Old Babylonian period of Egypt (2000 – 1595 BCE) onlinelibrary.wiley.com
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1980 – c. 1760 BCE) britannica.com
The Second Intermediate period of Egypt (c. 1759 – c. 1539 BCE) britannica.com
The New Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1539 – c. 1077 BCE) britannica.com
Authors of the article
Arkhipov S.V. – Independent Researcher, MD, PhD, Orthopedic Surgeon, Medical Writer, Joensuu, Finland.
Correspondence: Sergey Arkhipov, email: archipovsv @ gmail.com
Article history
March 3, 2026 - online version of the article published.
Suggested citation
Arkhipov S.V. The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 19. About round ligament of femur. March 3, 2026.
Note
For more details, see the article:
Keywords
Genesis Protograph, Bereshit Protograph, Hyksos-era Scriptorium, Ligamentum Teres, Ligamentum Capitis Femoris, Minoan Eruption Impact, Bronze Age, Middle Egyptian Origin, Cross-cultural Codification, Ancient Medicine, Biblical Chronology
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