English version of the article: Архипов СВ. Книга Берешит как великая компиляция текстов и смыслов Второго переходного периода Египта: пилотная культурологическая, медицинская, археологическая и текстологическая экспертиза преданий против традиционной атрибуции. Введение. О круглой связке бедра. 14.02.2026. The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2026АрхиповСВ
The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 11
By Sergey V. Arkhipov, MD, PhD
CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 11 Analysis [iii] Notes to Chapter 11 [iv] AI Agent's Conclusion [v] Content [vi] External links [vii] Application |
The Book of Genesis (Bereshith) was composed in Egypt during the 17th century BCE and reached its definitive protographic form following the Minoan eruption of Thera. This study argues that the work was the result of a collaboration between an Egyptian polymath and a distinguished scribe of Asiatic descent. By analyzing ancient texts, anatomical descriptions, archaeological data, Bronze Age cultural history, and climatic markers, this article demonstrates that the book emerged from the work of a high-ranking socio-political committee within the Egyptian House of Life. We argue that the inclusion of precise anatomical data, such as the ligamentum capitis femoris, serves as a diagnostic marker of this Egyptian medical-scribal collaboration, challenging the late-date theories of the documentary hypothesis.
[ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 11 Analysis
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Excerpt from the
Book of Genesis (1922LeeserI:13-14)
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Type of
similarity and justification |
Ancient Near
Eastern and Egyptian Contexts (Parallels,
Analogies, Convergences, Borrowings, and Inversions in Archaeology, Culture,
Medical Knowledge, and Historical Facts: Mesopotamia, the Levant, Anatolia,
and the Nile Valley)
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2 And it came to pass, as they journeyed toward the east, that they
found a plain in the land of Shinar, and they dwelt there. |
Stylistic Clichés. The use of identical syntactical
formulas indicates the existence of a shared literary etiquette and a canon
for constructing epic texts. |
Egypt In the narrative «The Destruction
of Mankind» (also known as «The Book of the Heavenly Cow»), a similar phrase
appears at the beginning of the work: «It happened [in the time of
the majesty of] Re, the self-created, after he had become king of men and
gods together: Mankind plotted against him, while his majesty had grown old,
his bones being silver, his flesh gold, his hair true lapis lazuli.» (2006LichtheimM:2.198).
There is an authoritative
opinion that this myth, «The Destruction of Mankind», is likely a tale of the
Middle Kingdom (2006LichtheimM:2:197).
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4 And they said, Go to, let us build our selves a city, and a tower,
the top of which may reach unto heaven ; and let us make ourselves a name,
lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. |
Vertical
Transcendence. A similarity
in the concept of physically transcending earthly limits to reach celestial
space through the use of a monumental structure.
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Egypt Pyramid of Pepi I (6th Dynasty, ca. 2289–2255 BCE) Recitation № 507 « A ladder has been laid down for him and he will mount on it in its identity of that which mounts to the sky.» (2007AllenJP:176).
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2 And it came to pass, as they journeyed toward the east, that they
found a plain in the land of Shinar, and they dwelt there. 3 And they said
one to another. Go to, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly. And thus
the brick served them for stone, and slime served them for mortar. 4 And they
said, Go to, let us build our selves a city, and a tower, the top of which may
reach unto heaven ; and let us make ourselves a name, lest we be scattered
abroad upon the face of the whole earth. 5 And the Lord came down to see the
city and the tower, which the children of man were building. 6 And the Lord
said. Behold, it is one people, and they have all one language, and this is
the first thing they undertake to do; and now shall they not be restrained in
all which they have imagined to do? 7 Go to, let us go down, and confound
there their language, that they may not understand one another's speech. 8 So
the Lord scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth ;
and they left off to build the city. 9 Therefore is the name of it called
Babel, because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth ;
and from there did the Lord scatter them abroad over the face of all the
earth. |
Technological
Authenticity. Similarity in
the specific construction methods of Southern Mesopotamia characterized by
the use of brick, in contrast to regions where stone architecture predominated.
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Mesopotamia In the area of the Eastern Shrine of Tepe Gawra (Level XIII), terracotta model bricks were discovered, dating back to 4500 BCE (1999MooreyPRS; 2002RothmanMS). A road in Ur was paved with baked bricks around 3500 BCE (2020HnaihenKH). Excavations at the Tell Asmar site (3200–2900 BCE) revealed floors treated with asphalt mastic, bricks bonded with asphalt, as well as steps and pool surfaces coated with asphalt (1938AbrahamH:8-9). During the Third Dynasty of Ur (2112–2015 BCE), brick towers were constructed in every sufficiently populated city of Mesopotamia; these were «bonded with bitumen instead of mortar» (1961ВуллиЛ:133). |
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9 Therefore is the name of it called Babel, because the Lord did there
confound the language of all the earth ; and from there did the Lord scatter
them abroad over the face of all the earth. |
Toponymic
Verification. The inclusion
of a major Mesopotamian urban center [within the narrative].
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Mesopotamia According to Torah commentators, «Bavel» is Babylon, «Erekh» is Uruk,
«Akkad» is Agade, and «Shinar» is Babylonia (1999ГерцЙ:54). From approximately 1770 BCE, Babylon became
the largest settlement in the Ancient World and gained widespread renown
(2013ChandlerT_FoxG:362).
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10 These are the generations of Shem: Shem, when a hundred years old,
begat Arpachshad, two years after the flood. 11 And Shem lived after he had
begotten Arpachshad five hundred years; and begat sons and daughters. 12 And
Arpachshad lived five and thirty years, and begat Shelach. 13 And Arpachshad
lived after he had begotten Shelach four hundred and three years; and begat
sons and daughters. 14 And Shelach lived thirty years, and begat Eber. 15 And
Shelach lived after he had begotten Eber four hundred and three years; and
begat Bons and daughters. 16 And Eber lived four and thirty years, and begat
Peleg. 17 And Eber lived after he had begotten Peleg four hundred and thirty
years; and begat sons and daughters. 18 And Peleg lived thirty years, and
begat Reü. 19 And Peleg lived after he had begotten Reü two hundred and nine
years ; and begat sons and daughters. 20 And Reü lived two and thirty years,
and begat Serug. 21 And Reü lived after he had begotten Serug two hundred and
seven years ; and begat sons and daughters. 22 And Serug lived thirty years,
and begat Nachor. 23 And Serug lived after he had begotten Nachor two hundred
years; and begat sons and daughters. 24 And Nachor lived nine and twenty
years, and begat Terach. 25 And Nachor lived after he had begotten Terach a
hundred and nineteen years ; and begat sons and daughters. 26 And Terach
lived seventy years, and begat Abram, Nachor, and Haran. 27 Now these are the
generations of Terach : Terach begat Abram, Nachor, and Haran ; and Haran
begat Lot. … 32 And the days of Terach were two hundred and five years; and
Terach died in Charan.
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Genealogical Model. Similarity in the application of a linear principle for listing
male-line descendants, wherein the process of reproduction is described as a
direct action of the masculine principle without mentioning the female. |
Egypt The first pair of gods were Shu and Tefnut. «At the beginning of creation, they were born of Ra-Atum» (2007РакИ:45). According to the Heliopolitan cosmogony recorded in the «Bremner-Rhind Papyrus», specifically in the text known as «The Book of Knowing the Creations of Ra», it appears that the creator god of the universe, Ra-Atum, was male (2007РакИ:28-29). Pyramid Texts (2350-2175 BCE) Utterance № 527 (1248a-c): «To say: Atum created by his masturbation in Heliopolis. He put his phallus in his fist, to excite desire thereby.» (1952MercerSAB:325). Pyramid of Pepi I (6th
Dynasty, ca. 2289–2255 BCE) Recitation № 522 при разделке жертвенного быка сказано: «what is in his scrotum is for the four gods
that Horus gave birth to and desired, Hapi, Imseti, Duamutef, and
Qebehsenuef;» (2007AllenJP:185).
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10 These are the generations of Shem: Shem, when a hundred years old,
begat Arpachshad, two years after the flood. 11 And Shem lived after he had
begotten Arpachshad five hundred years; and begat sons and daughters. 12 And
Arpachshad lived five and thirty years, and begat Shelach. 13 And Arpachshad
lived after he had begotten Shelach four hundred and three years; and begat
sons and daughters. 14 And Shelach lived thirty years, and begat Eber. 15 And
Shelach lived after he had begotten Eber four hundred and three years; and
begat Bons and daughters. 16 And Eber lived four and thirty years, and begat
Peleg. 17 And Eber lived after he had begotten Peleg four hundred and thirty
years; and begat sons and daughters. 18 And Peleg lived thirty years, and
begat Reü. 19 And Peleg lived after he had begotten Reü two hundred and nine
years ; and begat sons and daughters. 20 And Reü lived two and thirty years,
and begat Serug. 21 And Reü lived after he had begotten Serug two hundred and
seven years ; and begat sons and daughters. 22 And Serug lived thirty years,
and begat Nachor. 23 And Serug lived after he had begotten Nachor two hundred
years; and begat sons and daughters. 24 And Nachor lived nine and twenty
years, and begat Terach. 25 And Nachor lived after he had begotten Terach a
hundred and nineteen years ; and begat sons and daughters. 26 And Terach
lived seventy years, and begat Abram, Nachor, and Haran. 27 Now these are the
generations of Terach : Terach begat Abram, Nachor, and Haran ; and Haran
begat Lot. … 32 And the days of Terach were two hundred and five years; and
Terach died in Charan.
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Chronological Hyperbolization. The use of anomalously large
numbers serves as a literary device to denote the antiquity of the era and
the sacred status of the described characters in both traditions.
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Mesopotamia In Mesopotamia, historical figures were attributed legendary
longevity. There existed a list of kings compiled by Sumerian scribes at the
end of the second millennium BCE. For example, the kings of «the first
dynasty after the deluge also reigned for an average of a thousand years, and
subsequently for two hundred years each» (1961ВуллиЛ:15).
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27 А вот родословная
Тэраха: Тэрах родил Аврама, Нахора и Арана, а Аран родил Лота. 28 И умер Аран
при Тэрахе, отце своем, в земле рождения своего, в Ур-Касдим. |
Toponymic
Verification. The inclusion
of a major Mesopotamian urban center [within the narrative].
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Mesopotamia Ur, the
birthplace of Abraham, flourished in the lands later known as Sumer (1961ВуллиЛ; 1981AdamsRMC). It has been established that
the city was founded approximately in 2334 BCE and at one time served as the
capital of the Sumerians (2015HeadT).
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29 And Abram and Nachor took themselves wives; the name of Abram's
wife was Sarai; and the name of Nachor's wife was Milcah, the daughter of
Haran, the father of Milcah, and the father of Yiscah. 30 But Sarai was
barren; she had no child. |
Reproductive Reflection (Medical Context). Similarity in establishing the high significance of procreation and
identifying the problem of infertility as a distinct category of medical
discourse. |
Egypt In the «Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus», written around 1825 BCE, cases No. 26–32 suggest original methods for diagnosing infertility (2021LopesHT_PereiraRGG, intechopen.com). The «Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus» discusses not only reproductive pathology but also complications of childbirth, methods for improving conception, and contraception (2005Haimov-KochmanR_HurwitzA; 2011SmithL). According to Plutarch (1st–2nd century CE), "Nephthys, having
become the wife of Typhon [Seth], was at first barren" (1996Плутарх:38). During their earthly life, Osiris and
Isis had no children. The legend provides no explanation for this fact.
Mythological commentators note: «Isis grieved deeply because she failed to
bear a son during Osiris's lifetime. However, possessing the secrets of magic
and sorcery, she was able to conceive a child even from her husband's mummy»(2004РакИВ:101).
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30 But Sarai was barren; she had no child. |
Reproductive Reflection (Social/Thematic Emphasis). Similarity in documenting the paramount importance of childbearing and
the thematic emphasis on the problem of infertility.
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Mesopotamia In the Sumerian myth we read: «...she (Ninmah) made into a woman who
cannot give birth. Enki, upon seeing the woman who cannot give birth, Decreed
her fate, destined her to be stationed in the "woman house"»
(1981KramerSN:107). In the Babylonian «Code of
Hammurabi», written around 1760 BCE, the status of a «barren woman» is
defined in § 145: «If a man take
a wife and she do not present him with children and he set his face to take a
concubine, that man may take a concubine and take her into his house. That
concubine shall not rank with his wife.» (1920HandcockPSP:24).
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31 And Terach took Abram his son, and Lot, the son of Haran, his son's
son, and Sarai his daughter-in-law, the wife of his son Abram; and they went
forth with them from Ur of the Chaldees, to go into the land of Canaan ; and
they came unto Charan, and dwelt there.
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Toponymic
Verification. The inclusion
of a major Mesopotamian urban center [within the narrative].
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Mesopotamia In the eleventh year of the reign of the Babylonian king Samsu-iluna
(1749–1712 BCE), the destruction of the walls of Uruk and Ur is reported
(2013SeriA). Ur was destroyed in 1739 BCE, or more likely in 1740 BCE
(1969BrinkmanJA). This event may have served as the catalyst for the
migration of the Old Testament prototypes. Harran appears in inscriptions dating to the late third millennium BCE
(2002HollowaySW). |
According to Torah commentators, «Bavel» is Babylon, «Erekh» is Uruk, «Akkad» is Agade, and «Shinar» is Babylonia (1999ГерцЙ:54). The expansion of the Sumerians into Southern Mesopotamia, specifically the region encompassing the city of Eridu, is dated to the mid-sixth millennium BCE (2020Van_de_MieroopM). A ziggurat is a truncated pyramid, resembling an unfinished tower. The earliest stone foundation of a Mesopotamian ziggurat was discovered in Eridu (1965КрамерС). According to Sumerian legend, the aforementioned settlement was founded approximately in 5400 BCE (2015HeadT).). Harran appears in inscriptions dating to the late third millennium BCE (2002HollowaySW). This settlement prospered at the intersection of caravan routes, serving as a trading outpost for Ur during the first half of the second millennium BCE (1996GreenT).
(The conclusion compiled by the AI agent, with our minor changes)
Preliminary Conclusion to the Analysis of Genesis Chapter 11
The analysis of Genesis Chapter 11, supported by the provided archaeological, historical, and mythological data, reveals a high degree of contextual and technological authenticity in the biblical narrative.
Chronological and Historical Context
The migration of the «Old Testament prototypes» from Ur corresponds with the documented destruction of the city's walls during the reign of the Babylonian king Samsu-iluna (approx. 1740 BCE). Furthermore, the extraordinary lifespans of the patriarchs recorded in Genesis 11 find a cultural parallel in the Sumerian King List, where early rulers were attributed reigns of several centuries or even a millennium.
Archaeology and Technology
The biblical description of construction using «baked bricks» and «bitumen for mortar» (Gen 11:3) is validated by findings in Eridu (ca. 5400 BCE) and Tepe Gawra (ca. 4500 BCE), where early ziggurat foundations and terracotta model bricks were discovered. The use of asphalt mastic for bonding bricks and waterproofing is specifically attested in Tell Asmar (3200–2900 BCE) and Ur (ca. 3500 BCE).
Geography and Toponymy
Biblical landmarks such as Shinar, Babel, and Ur are identified with historical Sumer, Babylon, and the city of Ur, which flourished as a major Sumerian capital and cultural center.
Textual and Mythological Parallels
The phrasing «It happened..." mirrors formulas in Middle Kingdom Egyptian myths, such as «The Destruction of Mankind». Vertical Transcendence: The concept of the Tower reaching the sky correlates with the Egyptian Pyramid Texts (ca. 2289–2255 BCE), which describe a «ladder laid down» for the king to mount to the sky.
Medical and Legal Discourse (Reproductive
Reflection)
The mention of Sarai’s barrenness (Gen 11:30) is not merely a narrative device but a reflection of a widespread ancient concern. This is evidenced by the «Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus» (ca. 1825 BCE), which offers infertility diagnostics, and the «Code of Hammurabi» (§ 145, ca. 1760 BCE), which legally defines the status of a barren woman.
Summary
The study demonstrates that Genesis Chapter 11 is deeply rooted in the Late Chalcolithic and Bronze Age realities of the Near East. By aligning biblical toponyms (Ur, Babel) and technologies (bitumen-bonded bricks) with archaeological data from 5400–1740 BCE, and correlating the theme of barrenness with the Code of Hammurabi and Egyptian medical papyri, the analysis suggests that the narrative reflects a genuine historical and cultural substrate of Mesopotamian and Egyptian origin, rather than a purely late literary invention.
Sumer (c. 3300 – before 1900 BCE) britannica.com
The Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2543 – c. 2120 BCE) britannica.com
The Third Dynasty of Ur (22nd – 21st cent. BCE) britannica.com
The First Intermediate period of Egypt (c. 2118 – c. 1980 BCE) britannica.com
The Old Babylonian period of Egypt (2000 – 1595 BCE) onlinelibrary.wiley.com
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1980 – c. 1760 BCE) britannica.com
The Second Intermediate period of Egypt (c. 1759 – c. 1539 BCE) britannica.com
The New Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1539 – c. 1077 BCE) britannica.com
Authors of the article
Arkhipov S.V. – Independent Researcher, MD, PhD, Orthopedic Surgeon, Medical Writer, Joensuu, Finland.
Correspondence: Sergey Arkhipov, email: archipovsv @ gmail.com
Article history
February 26, 2026 - online version of the article published.
Suggested citation
Arkhipov S.V. The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 11. About round ligament of femur. February 26, 2026.
Note
Keywords
Genesis Protograph, Bereshit Protograph, Hyksos-era Scriptorium, Ligamentum Teres, Ligamentum Capitis Femoris, Minoan Eruption Impact, Bronze Age, Middle Egyptian Origin, Cross-cultural Codification, Ancient Medicine, Biblical Chronology
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