English version of the article: Архипов СВ. Книга Берешит как великая компиляция текстов и смыслов Второго переходного периода Египта: пилотная культурологическая, медицинская, археологическая и текстологическая экспертиза преданий против традиционной атрибуции. Введение. О круглой связке бедра. 14.02.2026. The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2026АрхиповСВ
The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 11
By Sergey V. Arkhipov, MD, PhD
CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 11 Analysis [iii] Notes to Chapter 11 [iv] AI Agent's Conclusion [v] Content [vi] External links [vii] Application |
The Book of Genesis (Bereshith) was composed in Egypt during the 17th century BCE and reached its definitive protographic form following the Minoan eruption of Thera. This study argues that the work was the result of a collaboration between an Egyptian polymath and a distinguished scribe of Asiatic descent. By analyzing ancient texts, anatomical descriptions, archaeological data, Bronze Age cultural history, and climatic markers, this article demonstrates that the book emerged from the work of a high-ranking socio-political committee within the Egyptian House of Life. We argue that the inclusion of precise anatomical data, such as the ligamentum capitis femoris, serves as a diagnostic marker of this Egyptian medical-scribal collaboration, challenging the late-date theories of the documentary hypothesis.
[ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 11 Analysis
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Excerpts from the
Book of Genesis (1922LeeserI:13–14)
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Type of
Similarity and Justification |
Ancient Near
Eastern and Egyptian Contexts (Parallels,
Analogies, Similarity, Borrowings, Inversions)
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2 And it came to
pass, as they journeyed toward the east, that they found a plain in the land
of Shinar, and they dwelt there. |
Stylistic Clichés The use of identical syntactical
formulas indicates the existence of a shared literary etiquette and a canon
for constructing epic texts. |
Egypt In the narrative the
«Destruction of Mankind» (also known as «The
Book of the Heavenly Cow»), a similar phrase appears at the beginning of the
work:
«It happened [in the time of the majesty of] Re, the self-created, after
he had become king of men and gods together: Mankind plotted against him,
while his majesty had grown old, his bones being silver, his flesh gold, his
hair true lapis lazuli.» (2006LichtheimM:2.198). There is an authoritative opinion that this myth, «The
Destruction of Mankind», is likely a tale of the Middle Kingdom
(2006LichtheimM:2.197).
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4 And they said,
Go to, let us build our selves a city, and a tower, the top of which may
reach unto heaven ; and let us make ourselves a name, lest we be scattered
abroad upon the face of the whole earth. |
Vertical Transcendence A similarity in the concept of physically
transcending earthly limits to reach celestial space through the use of a monumental
structure.
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Egypt The Pyramid of
Pepi I (6th Dynasty, ca. 2289–2255 BCE), Recitation № 507, states: «A ladder has been laid down for him and he
will mount on it in its identity of that which mounts to the sky.» (2007AllenJP:176).
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2 And it came to
pass, as they journeyed toward the east, that they found a plain in the land
of Shinar, and they dwelt there. 3 And they said one to another. Go to, let
us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly. And thus the brick served them for
stone, and slime served them for mortar. 4 And they said, Go to, let us build
our selves a city, and a tower, the top of which may reach unto heaven ; and
let us make ourselves a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of
the whole earth. 5 And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower,
which the children of man were building. 6 And the Lord said. Behold, it is
one people, and they have all one language, and this is the first thing they
undertake to do; and now shall they not be restrained in all which they have
imagined to do? 7 Go to, let us go down, and confound there their language,
that they may not understand one another's speech. 8 So the Lord scattered
them abroad from there over the face of all the earth ; and they left off to
build the city. 9 Therefore is the name of it called Babel, because the Lord
did there confound the language of all the earth ; and from there did the
Lord scatter them abroad over the face of all the earth.
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Technological Authenticity Similarity in the specific construction
methods of Southern Mesopotamia characterized by the use of brick, in
contrast to regions where stone architecture predominated.
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Mesopotamia In the area of the Eastern Shrine of Tepe Gawra (Level XIII), terracotta
model bricks were discovered, dating back to 4500 BCE (1999MooreyPRS;
2002RothmanMS). A road in Ur was paved with baked bricks around 3500 BCE
(2020HnaihenKH). Excavations at the Tell
Asmar site (3200–2900 BCE) revealed floors treated with asphalt mastic,
bricks bonded with asphalt, as well as steps and pool surfaces coated with
asphalt (1938AbrahamH:8–9). During the Third Dynasty of Ur (2112–2015 BCE),
brick towers were constructed in every sufficiently populated city of Mesopotamia;
these were «bonded with bitumen instead of mortar» (1961ВуллиЛ:133). See note!
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9 Therefore is
the name of it called Babel, because the Lord did there confound the language
of all the earth ; and from there did the Lord scatter them abroad over the
face of all the earth. |
Toponymic Verification The inclusion of a major Mesopotamian urban
center [within the narrative].
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Mesopotamia According to
Torah commentators, «Bavel» is Babylon and «Shinar» is Babylonia (1999ГерцЙ:54). Exceptionally little information has survived
concerning Babylon from the 3rd millennium BCE (2011LambertWG). From
approximately 1770 BCE, Babylon became the largest settlement in the Ancient
World and gained widespread renown (2013ChandlerT_FoxG:362).
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10 These are the
generations of Shem: Shem, when a hundred years old, begat Arpachshad, two
years after the flood. 11 And Shem lived after he had begotten Arpachshad
five hundred years; and begat sons and daughters. 12 And Arpachshad lived
five and thirty years, and begat Shelach. 13 And Arpachshad lived after he
had begotten Shelach four hundred and three years; and begat sons and
daughters. 14 And Shelach lived thirty years, and begat Eber. 15 And Shelach
lived after he had begotten Eber four hundred and three years; and begat Bons
and daughters. 16 And Eber lived four and thirty years, and begat Peleg. 17
And Eber lived after he had begotten Peleg four hundred and thirty years; and
begat sons and daughters. 18 And Peleg lived thirty years, and begat Reü. 19
And Peleg lived after he had begotten Reü two hundred and nine years ; and
begat sons and daughters. 20 And Reü lived two and thirty years, and begat
Serug. 21 And Reü lived after he had begotten Serug two hundred and seven
years ; and begat sons and daughters. 22 And Serug lived thirty years, and
begat Nachor. 23 And Serug lived after he had begotten Nachor two hundred
years; and begat sons and daughters. 24 And Nachor lived nine and twenty
years, and begat Terach. 25 And Nachor lived after he had begotten Terach a
hundred and nineteen years ; and begat sons and daughters. 26 And Terach
lived seventy years, and begat Abram, Nachor, and Haran. 27 Now these are the
generations of Terach : Terach begat Abram, Nachor, and Haran ; and Haran
begat Lot. … 32 And the days of Terach were two hundred and five years; and
Terach died in Charan.
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Genealogical
Model Similarity in
the application of a linear principle for listing male-line descendants,
wherein the process of reproduction is described as a direct action of the
masculine principle without mentioning the female. |
Egypt The first pair of gods were Shu and Tefnut. «At the beginning of
creation, they were born of Ra-Atum» (2007РакИ:45). According to the
Heliopolitan cosmogony recorded in the «Bremner-Rhind Papyrus», specifically
in the text known as the «Book of Knowing the Creations of Ra», it appears
that the creator god of the universe, Ra-Atum, was male (2007РакИ:28–29). The
«Pyramid
Texts» (2350–2175 BCE), Utterance № 527 (1248a-c), state: «To say: Atum created by his masturbation in
Heliopolis. He put his phallus in his fist, to excite desire thereby.» (1952MercerSAB:325). In the Pyramid of Pepi I (6th
Dynasty, ca. 2289–2255 BCE), Recitation № 522, regarding the butchering of a sacrificial bull, it is said:
«what is in his scrotum is
for the four gods that Horus gave birth to and desired, Hapi, Imseti,
Duamutef, and Qebehsenuef;» (2007AllenJP:185).
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10 These are the
generations of Shem: Shem, when a hundred years old, begat Arpachshad, two
years after the flood. 11 And Shem lived after he had begotten Arpachshad
five hundred years; and begat sons and daughters. 12 And Arpachshad lived
five and thirty years, and begat Shelach. 13 And Arpachshad lived after he
had begotten Shelach four hundred and three years; and begat sons and
daughters. 14 And Shelach lived thirty years, and begat Eber. 15 And Shelach
lived after he had begotten Eber four hundred and three years; and begat Bons
and daughters. 16 And Eber lived four and thirty years, and begat Peleg. 17
And Eber lived after he had begotten Peleg four hundred and thirty years; and
begat sons and daughters. 18 And Peleg lived thirty years, and begat Reü. 19
And Peleg lived after he had begotten Reü two hundred and nine years ; and
begat sons and daughters. 20 And Reü lived two and thirty years, and begat
Serug. 21 And Reü lived after he had begotten Serug two hundred and seven
years ; and begat sons and daughters. 22 And Serug lived thirty years, and
begat Nachor. 23 And Serug lived after he had begotten Nachor two hundred
years; and begat sons and daughters. 24 And Nachor lived nine and twenty
years, and begat Terach. 25 And Nachor lived after he had begotten Terach a
hundred and nineteen years ; and begat sons and daughters. 26 And Terach lived
seventy years, and begat Abram, Nachor, and Haran. 27 Now these are the
generations of Terach : Terach begat Abram, Nachor, and Haran ; and Haran
begat Lot. … 32 And the days of Terach were two hundred and five years; and
Terach died in Charan.
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Chronological
Hyperbolization The use of anomalously large
numbers serves as a literary device to denote the antiquity of the era and
the sacred status of the described characters in both traditions.
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Mesopotamia In Mesopotamia,
historical figures were attributed legendary longevity. There existed a list
of kings compiled by Sumerian scribes at the end of the second millennium
BCE. For example, the kings of «the first dynasty after the deluge also
reigned for an average of a thousand years, and subsequently for two hundred
years each» (1961ВуллиЛ:15).
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27 А вот родословная Тэраха: Тэрах родил Аврама,
Нахора и Арана, а Аран родил Лота. 28 И умер Аран при Тэрахе, отце своем, в
земле рождения своего, в Ур-Касдим. |
Toponymic Verification The inclusion of a major Mesopotamian urban
center [within the narrative].
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Ur, the birthplace of
Abraham, flourished in the lands later known as Sumer (1961ВуллиЛ; 1981AdamsRMC). It has been established that
the city was founded approximately in 3800 BCE
and at one time served as the capital of the Sumerians (2015HeadT:98).
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29 And Abram and
Nachor took themselves wives; the name of Abram's wife was Sarai; and the
name of Nachor's wife was Milcah, the daughter of Haran, the father of
Milcah, and the father of Yiscah. 30 But Sarai was barren; she had no child. |
Reproductive Reflection (Medical
Context) Similarity in establishing the high
significance of procreation and identifying the problem of infertility as a
distinct category of medical discourse. |
Egypt In the «Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus», written
around 1825 BCE, cases № 26–32 suggest original methods for diagnosing
infertility (2021LopesHT_PereiraRGG, intechopen.com). The «Kahun
Gynaecological Papyrus» discusses not only reproductive pathology but also
complications of childbirth, methods for improving conception, and
contraception (2005Haimov-KochmanR_HurwitzA; 2011SmithL). According to
Plutarch (1st–2nd century CE), «Nephthys,
having become the wife of Typhon [Seth], was at first barren» (1996Плутарх:38). During their
earthly life, Osiris and Isis had no children. The legend provides no
explanation for this fact. Mythological commentators note: «Isis grieved
deeply because she failed to bear a son during Osiris's lifetime. However,
possessing the secrets of magic and sorcery, she was able to conceive a child
even from her husband's mummy» (2004РакИВ:101).
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30 But Sarai was
barren; she had no child. |
Reproductive Reflection
(Social/Thematic Emphasis) Similarity in documenting the
paramount importance of childbearing and the thematic emphasis on the problem
of infertility.
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Mesopotamia In the Sumerian
myth, we read: «...she (Ninmah) made into a woman who cannot give birth.
Enki, upon seeing the woman who cannot give birth, Decreed her fate, destined
her to be stationed in the "woman house"» (1981KramerSN:107). In the Babylonian «Code of Hammurabi»,
written around 1760 BCE, the status of a «barren woman» is defined in § 145: «If a man take a wife and she do not present
him with children and he set his face to take a concubine, that man may take
a concubine and take her into his house. That concubine shall not rank with
his wife.»
(1920HandcockPSP:24).
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31 And Terach
took Abram his son, and Lot, the son of Haran, his son's son, and Sarai his
daughter-in-law, the wife of his son Abram; and they went forth with them
from Ur of the Chaldees, to go into the land of Canaan ; and they came unto
Charan, and dwelt there.
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Toponymic Verification The inclusion of a major Mesopotamian urban
center [within the narrative].
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Mesopotamia In the eleventh
year of the reign of the Babylonian king Samsu-iluna (1749–1712 BCE), the
destruction of the walls of Uruk and Ur is reported (2013SeriA). Ur was
destroyed in 1739 BCE, or more likely in 1740 BCE (1969BrinkmanJA). This
event may have served as a catalyst for the migration of the Old Testament
prototypes. Harran appears in
inscriptions dating to the late third millennium BCE (2002HollowaySW). «Charan»
is mentioned in a letter from Ashmad to Askudum (Mari archives, ARM 26/1 24):
«[he] killed a donkey in the temple of Sin in Harran» (1988CharpinD:152–154).
The Mari archive, a key Mesopotamian source, dates to the first half of the
18th century BCE (1956Munn-RankinJM:106).
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31 And Terach
took Abram his son, and Lot, the son of Haran, his son's son, and Sarai his
daughter-in-law, the wife of his son Abram; and they went forth with them
from Ur of the Chaldees, to go into the land of Canaan ; and they came unto
Charan, and dwelt there.
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Ethnopolitical Isomorphism The presence
of the term «Canaan» is characteristic of diplomatic correspondence and legal
archives of the 18th–15th centuries BCE. |
Levant The inhabitants
of Canaan are mentioned in a letter from Ashmad to Askudum (Mari archive, ARM
26/1 24): «Send me a hundred Canaanites <…> awaiting the arrival of the
Canaanites» (1988CharpinD:152–154). In another letter (ARM 26/1 140, Mari archive) from Nur-Addu
addressed to Zimri-Lim, «Yakhsib-El, the Canaanite» is mentioned
(1988CharpinD:303–305). The Mari
archive, a key Mesopotamian source, dates to the first half of the 18th
century BCE (1956Munn-RankinJM:106). Furthermore, according to Na'aman, «It
is thus evident that in mid–18th century BCE people called
"Canaanites" lived south of the kingdom of Qatna [south of Syria], i.e., in the
same area where they are located in the Late Bronze Age.» (1994NaʾamanN:398).
Notably, «The earliest occurrence of the geographical term [Canaan] outside the
Old Testament is in the Idrimi statue from Alalakh, which dates to about the
middle of the fifteenth century B.C.» (1961GibsonJC:217). Additionally, «The word Canaan
comes from Hurrian Kinahhu, which is attested by the documents from Nuzi
(15th century BCE) and which is supposed to be a Hurrian word for the colour
of purple.» (1991LemcheNP:26).
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Toponyms and Pyramids of Mesopotamia
According to Torah commentators,
«Bavel» is Babylon, «Erekh» is Uruk, «Akkad» is Agade, and «Shinar» is
Babylonia (1999ГерцЙ:54).
The expansion of the Sumerians into Southern Mesopotamia, specifically the
region encompassing the city of Eridu, is dated to the mid-sixth millennium BCE
(2020Van_de_MieroopM). A ziggurat is a truncated pyramid, resembling an
unfinished tower. The earliest stone foundation of a Mesopotamian ziggurat was
discovered in Eridu (1965КрамерС). According to Sumerian legend, the aforementioned settlement was
founded approximately in 5400 BCE (2015HeadT). Harran appears in inscriptions
dating to the late third millennium BCE (2002HollowaySW). This settlement
prospered at the intersection of caravan routes, serving as a trading outpost
for Ur during the first half of the second millennium BCE (1996GreenTM).
(The conclusion compiled by the AI agent, with our minor changes)
Preliminary Conclusion to the Analysis of Genesis Chapter 11
The analysis of Genesis Chapter 11, supported by the provided archaeological, historical, and mythological data, reveals a high degree of contextual and technological authenticity in the biblical narrative.
Chronological and Historical Context
The migration of the «Old Testament prototypes» from Ur corresponds with the documented destruction of the city's walls during the reign of the Babylonian king Samsu-iluna (approx. 1740 BCE). Furthermore, the extraordinary lifespans of the patriarchs recorded in Genesis 11 find a cultural parallel in the Sumerian King List, where early rulers were attributed reigns of several centuries or even a millennium.
Archaeology and Technology
The biblical description of construction using «baked bricks» and «bitumen for mortar» (Gen 11:3) is validated by findings in Eridu (ca. 5400 BCE) and Tepe Gawra (ca. 4500 BCE), where early ziggurat foundations and terracotta model bricks were discovered. The use of asphalt mastic for bonding bricks and waterproofing is specifically attested in Tell Asmar (3200–2900 BCE) and Ur (ca. 3500 BCE).
Geography and Toponymy
Biblical landmarks such as Shinar, Babel, and Ur are identified with historical Sumer, Babylon, and the city of Ur, which flourished as a major Sumerian capital and cultural center.
Textual and Mythological Parallels
The phrasing «It happened..." mirrors formulas in Middle Kingdom Egyptian myths, such as «The Destruction of Mankind». Vertical Transcendence: The concept of the Tower reaching the sky correlates with the Egyptian Pyramid Texts (ca. 2289–2255 BCE), which describe a «ladder laid down» for the king to mount to the sky.
Medical and Legal Discourse (Reproductive
Reflection)
The mention of Sarai’s barrenness (Gen 11:30) is not merely a narrative device but a reflection of a widespread ancient concern. This is evidenced by the «Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus» (ca. 1825 BCE), which offers infertility diagnostics, and the «Code of Hammurabi» (§ 145, ca. 1760 BCE), which legally defines the status of a barren woman.
Summary
The study demonstrates that Genesis Chapter 11 is deeply rooted in the Late Chalcolithic and Bronze Age realities of the Near East. By aligning biblical toponyms (Ur, Babel) and technologies (bitumen-bonded bricks) with archaeological data from 5400–1740 BCE, and correlating the theme of barrenness with the Code of Hammurabi and Egyptian medical papyri, the analysis suggests that the narrative reflects a genuine historical and cultural substrate of Mesopotamian and Egyptian origin, rather than a purely late literary invention.
Sumer (c. 3300 – before 1900 BCE) britannica.com
The Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2543 – c. 2120 BCE) britannica.com
The Third Dynasty of Ur (22nd – 21st cent. BCE) britannica.com
The First Intermediate period of Egypt (c. 2118 – c. 1980 BCE) britannica.com
The Old Babylonian period of Egypt (2000 – 1595 BCE) onlinelibrary.wiley.com
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1980 – c. 1760 BCE) britannica.com
The Second Intermediate period of Egypt (c. 1759 – c. 1539 BCE) britannica.com
The New Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1539 – c. 1077 BCE) britannica.com
Authors of the article
Arkhipov S.V. – Independent Researcher, MD, PhD, Orthopedic Surgeon, Medical Writer, Joensuu, Finland.
Correspondence: Sergey Arkhipov, email: archipovsv @ gmail.com
Article history
February 26, 2026 - online version of the article published.
Suggested citation
Arkhipov S.V. The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 11. About round ligament of femur. February 26, 2026.
Note
Keywords
Genesis Protograph, Bereshit Protograph, Hyksos-era Scriptorium, Ligamentum Teres, Ligamentum Capitis Femoris, Minoan Eruption Impact, Bronze Age, Middle Egyptian Origin, Cross-cultural Codification, Ancient Medicine, Biblical Chronology
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