English version of the article: Архипов СВ. Книга Берешит как великая компиляция текстов и смыслов Второго переходного периода Египта: пилотная культурологическая, медицинская, археологическая и текстологическая экспертиза преданий против традиционной атрибуции. Введение. О круглой связке бедра. 14.02.2026. The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2026АрхиповСВ
The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 10
By Sergey V. Arkhipov, MD, PhD
CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 10 Analysis [iii] Notes to Chapter 10 [iv] AI Agent's Conclusion [v] Content [vi] External links [vii] Application |
The Book of Genesis (Bereshith) was composed in Egypt during the 17th century BCE and reached its definitive protographic form following the Minoan eruption of Thera. This study argues that the work was the result of a collaboration between an Egyptian polymath and a distinguished scribe of Asiatic descent. By analyzing ancient texts, anatomical descriptions, archaeological data, Bronze Age cultural history, and climatic markers, this article demonstrates that the book emerged from the work of a high-ranking socio-political committee within the Egyptian House of Life. We argue that the inclusion of precise anatomical data, such as the ligamentum capitis femoris, serves as a diagnostic marker of this Egyptian medical-scribal collaboration, challenging the late-date theories of the documentary hypothesis.
[ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 10 Analysis
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Excerpts from the
Book of Genesis (1922LeeserI:12–13) |
Type of
Similarity and Justification |
Ancient Near
Eastern and Egyptian Contexts (Parallels,
Analogies, Similarity, Borrowings, Inversions) |
|
8 And Cush begat
Nimrod; he began to be a mighty man on the earth. 9 Hewas a mighty hunter
before the Lord; wherefore it is said. Even as Nimrod, a mighty hunter before
the Lord. 10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and
Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. 11 Out of that land went forth
Asshur, and built Nineveh, and the city Rechoboth, and Calach,
|
Heroic
Archetype of Power The
correspondence lies in the portrayal of the founding ruler as a figure of
exceptional physical prowess («mighty hunter» / «goring wild bull») whose
heroic deeds and conquests provide the mythological legitimacy.
|
Mesopotamia Perhaps this
refers to the Akkadian hero Gilgamesh. In the epic, he is described with the
following words: «Supreme over other kings, lordly in appearance, he is the
hero, born of Uruk, the goring wild bull. He walks out in front, the leader,
and walks at the rear, trusted by his companions. Mighty net, protector of
his people, raging flood-wave who destroys even walls of stone! Offspring of
Lugalbanda, Gilgamesh is strong to perfection, son of the august cow,
Rimat-Ninsun, ... Gilgamesh is awesome to perfection.» (1989KovacsMG:4). The
standard version of the «Epic of Gilgamesh» was first written in the Old
Babylonian period (1800–1600 BCE) (1989KovacsMG:xxii). |
|
8 And Cush begat
Nimrod; he began to be a mighty man on the earth. … 13 And Mizrayim begat the
Ludim, and Anamim, and Lehabim, and Naphtuchim, … 24 And Arpachshad begat
Shelach; and Shelach begat Eber. 25 And unto Eber were born two sons; the
name of one was Peleg, for in his days was the earth divided ; and his
brother's name was Joktan. 26 And Joktan begat Almodad, and Sheleph, and
Hazarmaveth, and Jerach, 27 And Hadoram, and Uzal, and Diklah, 28 And Obal,
and Abiniael, and Sheba, 29 And Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab ; all these
were the sons of Joktan.
|
Genealogical
Model Similarity in
the application of a linear principle for listing male-line descendants,
wherein the process of reproduction is described as a direct action of the
masculine principle without mentioning the female. |
Egypt The first pair of gods were Shu and Tefnut. «At the beginning of
creation, they were born of Ra-Atum» (2007РакИ:45). According to the
Heliopolitan cosmogony recorded in the «Bremner-Rhind Papyrus», specifically
in the text known as the «Book of Knowing the Creations of Ra», it
appears that the creator god of the universe, Ra-Atum, was male (2007РакИ:28–29).
The «Pyramid
Texts» (2350–2175 BCE), Utterance № 527 (1248a-c), state: «To say: Atum created by his masturbation in
Heliopolis. He put his phallus in his fist, to excite desire thereby.» (1952MercerSAB:325). In the Pyramid of Pepi I (6th
Dynasty, ca. 2289–2255 BCE), Recitation № 522, regarding the butchering of a sacrificial bull, it is said:
«what is in his scrotum is
for the four gods that Horus gave birth to and desired, Hapi, Imseti,
Duamutef, and Qebehsenuef;» (2007AllenJP:185).
|
|
10 And the
beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the
land of Shinar. 11 Out of that land went forth Asshur, and built Nineveh, and
the city Rechoboth, and Calach, 12 And Ressen between Nineveh and Calach ;
the same is the great city. … 19 And the border of the Canaanites was from
Sidon, as thou comest to Gerar, unto Gazzah; as thou goest unto Sodom and
Gomorrah, and Admah, and Zeboyim, even unto Lesha.
|
Onomastic Enumeration Similarity in the use of an
identical genre of «geographical registry» to fix ethnopolitical boundaries
and assert control over territories.
|
Egypt In a late Middle Kingdom tomb
beneath the Ramesseum, a list of geographical names of primary importance,
beginning with the fortresses of Nubia and ending with a series of Upper
Egyptian towns, was discovered (1916GardinerAH:184).
|
|
10 And the
beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the
land of Shinar. 11 Out of that land went forth Asshur, and built Nineveh, and
the city Rechoboth, and Calach, 12 And Ressen between Nineveh and Calach ;
the same is the great city.
|
Toponymic Verification Reproduction of a map of the major urban
centers of Mesopotamia.
|
Mesopotamia According to
Torah commentators, «Bavel» is Babylon, «Erekh» is Uruk, «Akkad» is Agade,
and «Shinar» is Babylonia (1999ГерцЙ:54). Furthermore, «Kelakh» appears
to be Nimrud, while «Ninyvei» is Nineveh (1993DalleyS). From approximately
1770 BCE, Babylon became the largest settlement in the Ancient World and
gained widespread renown (2013ChandlerT_FoxG:362). See note!
|
|
18 And the
Arvadite, and the Zemarite, and the Hamathite ; and afterward were the
families of the Canaanites spread abroad. 19 And the border of the Canaanites
was from Sidon, as thou comest to Gerar, unto Gazzah; as thou goest unto
Sodom and Gomorrah, and Admah, and Zeboyim, even unto Lesha.
|
Ethnopolitical Isomorphism The presence of the term «Canaan»
is characteristic of diplomatic correspondence and legal archives of the 18th–15th
centuries BCE. |
Levant The inhabitants
of Canaan are mentioned in a letter from Ashmad to Askudum (Mari archive, ARM
26/1 24): «Send me a hundred Canaanites <…> awaiting the arrival of the
Canaanites» (1988CharpinD:152–154). In another letter (ARM 26/1 140, Mari archive) from Nur-Addu
addressed to Zimri-Lim, «Yakhsib-El, the Canaanite» is mentioned
(1988CharpinD:303–305). The Mari
archive, a key Mesopotamian source, dates to the first half of the 18th
century BCE (1956Munn-RankinJM:106). Furthermore, according to Na'aman, «It is thus evident that in
mid–18th century BCE people called "Canaanites" lived south of the
kingdom of Qatna [south of Syria],
i.e., in the same area where they are located in the Late Bronze Age.»
(1994NaʾamanN:398). Notably, «The
earliest occurrence of the geographical term [Canaan] outside the Old
Testament is in the Idrimi statue from Alalakh, which dates to about the
middle of the fifteenth century B.C.» (1961GibsonJC:217). Additionally, «The word Canaan
comes from Hurrian Kinahhu, which is attested by the documents from Nuzi
(15th century BCE) and which is supposed to be a Hurrian word for the colour
of purple.» (1991LemcheNP:26). See note!
|
|
25 And unto Eber
were born two sons; the name of one was Peleg, for in his days was the earth
divided ; and his brother's name was Joktan. |
Historical Allusion The mention of the «division of the
earth» may serve as a laconic reflection of real processes of power
centralization and significant ethnopolitical regrouping in Mesopotamia.
|
Mesopotamia In the period between 3000 and 2370 BCE, Akkad rose to prominence
alongside the existing Sumer. Later, under King Sargon the Great, the two
lands became a unified whole (2002АзимовА). |
Akkad & Nineveh
10 And the
beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the
land of Shinar.
11 Out of
that land went forth Asshur, and built Nineveh, and the city Rechoboth, and
Calach,
12 And
Ressen between Nineveh and Calach ; the same is the great city.
The earliest artifacts from
excavations at Uruk, a contemporary of the Sumerian civilization, date back to
about 4000 BCE (2004CrawfordH). The Uruk culture flourished in the southern
Mesopotamia from 4200 to 3100 BCE
(2020Van de MieroopM). Akkad (Agade), once the capital of the Akkadian
Empire, first appears as the toponym «A-ga-de» on a tablet dating from
2350–2200 BCE (1987HeimpelW). Exceptionally little information has survived
concerning Babylon from the 3rd millennium BCE (2011LambertWG). From
approximately 1770 BCE, the settlement became the largest in the Ancient World
and gained widespread renown (2013ChandlerT_FoxG). The toponym «Kelakh» appears to be Nimrud, while
«Ninyvei» is Nineveh, which has been known since the 3rd millennium BCE. By
consensus, the destruction of Nineveh occurred in 612 BCE, as confirmed by the
absence of Assyrian records, although life at the site did not cease entirely
(1993DalleyS). Subsequently, despite the existence of still-inhabited ruins,
Nineveh forever lost its status as a center of more than regional significance
(2008FrahmE).
Gerar & Gazzah
19 And the border of the Canaanites
was from Sidon, as thou comest to Gerar, unto Gazzah; as thou goest unto Sodom
and Gomorrah, and Admah, and Zeboyim, even unto Lesha.
The exact location of the settlement of Gerar remains subject to scholarly debate. It is widely identified with the ruins of Tel Haror (31°22'55"N, 34°36'26"E), which date back to approximately 1700/1650–1550 BCE (2013Bar-OzG_OrenED). In the western Negev Desert, there is also the wadi Nahal Gerar (Wadi esh-Sheri’a; 31°23'54"N, 34°26'13"E). Furthermore, Aza, known today as Gaza, was established circa 3000 BCE (2007DumperM_Abu-LughodJ). The earliest written record of the city dates to the reign of Pharaoh Thutmose III, specifically approximately 1457 BCE (2014FiliuJP).
(The conclusion compiled by the AI agent, with our minor changes)
Preliminary Conclusion to the Analysis of Genesis Chapter 10
Scientific Comparison of Textual Parallels and Chronological Analysis:
1.
Heroic Archetype of Power
Comparison: The
figure of Nimrod («a mighty hunter,» Gen 10:8–9) finds a direct prototype in the
Mesopotamian hero Gilgamesh. In both traditions, exceptional physical
prowess and valor serve as the legitimacy for founding the first city-states.
Chronology: The characterization of Gilgamesh («supreme over other kings,» «awesome to perfection») was codified during the Old Babylonian period (1800–1600 BCE), establishing an archaic context for the perception of the «mighty ruler» in the land of Shinar.
2.
Genealogical Model
Comparison: The
structure of Genesis 10, describing the origin of nations exclusively through
the male line («Cush begat Nimrod,» «Mizraim begat Ludim»), is identical to
Egyptian cosmogonies and biological metaphors of power.
Chronology: The Egyptian Pyramid Texts (2350–2175 BCE) and Old Kingdom texts (Tomb of Pepi I) record the exclusive action of the masculine principle of creation (Atum creating Shu and Tefnut without a female counterpart; Horus «giving birth» to four sons). This reflects an ancient Near Eastern model of the linear reproduction of power and life.
3. Onomastic
Enumeration
Comparison: The
genre of a «geographical registry» in Genesis 10 used to fix ethnopolitical
boundaries corresponds to the administrative practices of Egypt.
Chronology: The use of lists of primary geographical names (from Nubian fortresses to Upper Egyptian towns) is recorded in Egyptian papyri of the late Middle Kingdom (ca. 1800–1700 BCE). This confirms the existence of a developed tradition of compiling territorial registries to assert political control.
4.
Toponymic Verification
Comparison: The
map in Genesis 10 reproduces the major urban centers of
Mesopotamia: Babylon, Akkad (Agade), Erech (Uruk), Calah (Nimrud), and
Nineveh.
Chronology: Akkad (A-ga-de) is documented on tablets from 2350–2200 BCE. The status of Babylon as the largest center of the Ancient World was established from 1770 BCE. The mention of Nineveh as a «great city» aligns with its period of imperial prosperity before its destruction in 612 BCE, allowing the chapter's informational layers to be dated across a broad range from the 3rd to the mid-1st millennium BCE.
5.
Historical Allusion
Comparison: The
mention of the «division of the earth» in the days of Peleg (Gen 10:25) serves
as a laconic reflection of real geopolitical processes.
Chronology: The processes of power centralization and the unification of lands (as seen under Sargon the Great in 2370–3000 BCE) or subsequent ethnic regroupings in Mesopotamia find their compressed reflection in Biblical onomastics, preserving the memory of major shifts in settlement patterns.
Summary
The textological analysis of Genesis Chapter 10 reveals its structure as a complex intertextual document, integrating Egyptian registry genres of the 2nd millennium BCE and Mesopotamian toponymic layers. The heroic archetype of the founding king (Nimrod/Gilgamesh) and the linear masculine genealogy indicate the use of established Near Eastern models of power legitimation. Crucially, the mention of Nineveh as a primary «great city» provides a definitive terminus ante quem for the text's information layer: since Nineveh ceased to exist as a major center after its destruction in 612 BCE and is not mentioned thereafter in such a capacity, the core of this record must have been established prior to that date. Conversely, the inclusion of Akkad and Babylon prevents a dating earlier than the 3rd millennium BCE, effectively anchoring the historical horizon of the chapter between approximately 3000 and 612 BCE, but not before the rise of Akkad.
Sumer (c. 3300 – before 1900 BCE) britannica.com
The Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2543 – c. 2120 BCE) britannica.com
The Third Dynasty of Ur (22nd – 21st cent. BCE) britannica.com
The First Intermediate period of Egypt (c. 2118 – c. 1980 BCE) britannica.com
The Old Babylonian period of Egypt (2000 – 1595 BCE) onlinelibrary.wiley.com
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1980 – c. 1760 BCE) britannica.com
The Second Intermediate period of Egypt (c. 1759 – c. 1539 BCE) britannica.com
The New Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1539 – c. 1077 BCE) britannica.com
Authors of the article
Arkhipov S.V. – Independent Researcher, MD, PhD, Orthopedic Surgeon, Medical Writer, Joensuu, Finland.
Correspondence: Sergey Arkhipov, email: archipovsv @ gmail.com
Article history
February 25, 2026 - online version of the article published.
Suggested citation
Arkhipov S.V. The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 10. About round ligament of femur. February 25, 2026.
Note
Keywords
Genesis Protograph, Bereshit Protograph, Hyksos-era Scriptorium, Ligamentum Teres, Ligamentum Capitis Femoris, Minoan Eruption Impact, Bronze Age, Middle Egyptian Origin, Cross-cultural Codification, Ancient Medicine, Biblical Chronology
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