English version of the article: Архипов СВ. Книга Берешит как великая компиляция текстов и смыслов Второго переходного периода Египта: пилотная культурологическая, медицинская, археологическая и текстологическая экспертиза преданий против традиционной атрибуции. Введение. О круглой связке бедра. 14.02.2026. The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2026АрхиповСВ
The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 10
By Sergey V. Arkhipov, MD, PhD
CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 10 Analysis [iii] Notes to Chapter 10 [iv] AI Agent's Conclusion [v] Content [vi] External links [vii] Application |
The Book of Genesis (Bereshith) was composed in Egypt during the 17th century BCE and reached its definitive protographic form following the Minoan eruption of Thera. This study argues that the work was the result of a collaboration between an Egyptian polymath and a distinguished scribe of Asiatic descent. By analyzing ancient texts, anatomical descriptions, archaeological data, Bronze Age cultural history, and climatic markers, this article demonstrates that the book emerged from the work of a high-ranking socio-political committee within the Egyptian House of Life. We argue that the inclusion of precise anatomical data, such as the ligamentum capitis femoris, serves as a diagnostic marker of this Egyptian medical-scribal collaboration, challenging the late-date theories of the documentary hypothesis.
[ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 10 Analysis
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Excerpt from the
Book of Genesis (1922LeeserI:12-13)
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Type of
similarity and justification |
Ancient Near
Eastern and Egyptian Contexts (Parallels,
Analogies, Convergences, Borrowings, and Inversions in Archaeology, Culture,
Medical Knowledge, and Historical Facts: Mesopotamia, the Levant, Anatolia,
and the Nile Valley)
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8 And Cush begat Nimrod; he began to be a mighty man on the earth. 9 Hewas a mighty hunter before the Lord; wherefore it is said. Even as Nimrod, a mighty hunter before the Lord. 10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. 11 Out of that land went forth Asshur, and built Nineveh, and the city Rechoboth, and Calach, |
Heroic Archetype of Power. The correspondence lies in the portrayal of the founding ruler as a figure of exceptional physical prowess («mighty hunter» / «goring wild bull») whose heroic deeds and conquests provide the mythological legitimacy. |
Mesopotamia Perhaps this refers to the Akkadian hero Gilgamesh. In the epic, he is described with the following words: «Supreme over other kings, lordly in appearance, he is the hero, born of Uruk, the goring wild bull. He walks out in front, the leader, and walks at the rear, trusted by his companions. Mighty net, protector of his people, raging flood-wave who destroys even walls of stone! Offspring of Lugalbanda, Gilgamesh is strong to perfection, son of the august cow, Rimat-Ninsun, ... Gilgamesh is awesome to perfection.» (1989KovacsMG:4). The standard version of the «Epic of Gilgamesh», first written in the Old Babylonian period (1800-1600 BCE) (1989KovacsMG:xxii). |
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8 And Cush begat Nimrod; he began to be a mighty man on the
earth. … 13 And Mizrayim begat the Ludim,
and Anamim, and Lehabim, and Naphtuchim, … 24 And Arpachshad begat Shelach;
and Shelach begat Eber. 25 And unto Eber were born two sons; the name of one
was Peleg, for in his days was the earth divided ; and his brother's name was
Joktan. 26 And Joktan begat Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarmaveth, and
Jerach, 27 And Hadoram, and Uzal, and Diklah, 28 And Obal, and Abiniael, and
Sheba, 29 And Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab ; all these were the sons of
Joktan.
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Genealogical Model. Similarity in the application of a linear principle for listing
male-line descendants, wherein the process of reproduction is described as a
direct action of the masculine principle without mentioning the female. |
Egypt The first pair of gods were Shu and Tefnut. «At the beginning of creation, they were born of Ra-Atum» (2007РакИ:45). According to the Heliopolitan cosmogony recorded in the «Bremner-Rhind Papyrus», specifically in the text known as «The Book of Knowing the Creations of Ra», it appears that the creator god of the universe, Ra-Atum, was male (2007РакИ:28-29). Pyramid Texts (2350-2175 BCE) Utterance № 527 (1248a-c): «To say: Atum created by his masturbation in Heliopolis. He put his phallus in his fist, to excite desire thereby.» (1952MercerSAB:325). Pyramid of Pepi I (6th
Dynasty, ca. 2289–2255 BCE) Recitation № 522 при разделке жертвенного быка сказано: «what is in his scrotum is for the four gods
that Horus gave birth to and desired, Hapi, Imseti, Duamutef, and
Qebehsenuef;» (2007AllenJP:185).
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10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad,
and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. 11 Out of that land went forth Asshur, and
built Nineveh, and the city Rechoboth, and Calach, 12 And Ressen between
Nineveh and Calach ; the same is the great city. … 19 And the border of the
Canaanites was from Sidon, as thou comest to Gerar, unto Gazzah; as thou
goest unto Sodom and Gomorrah, and Admah, and Zeboyim, even unto Lesha.
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Onomastic Enumeration. Similarity in the use of an identical genre of «geographical registry»
to fix ethnopolitical boundaries and assert control over territories.
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Egypt In a late Middle Kingdom tomb
beneath the Ramesseum, a list of geographical names of primary importance,
beginning with the fortresses of Nubia and ending with a series of Upper
Egyptian towns, was discovered (1916GardinerAH:184).
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10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad,
and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. 11 Out of that land went forth Asshur, and
built Nineveh, and the city Rechoboth, and Calach, 12 And Ressen between
Nineveh and Calach ; the same is the great city.
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Toponymic
Verification. Reproduction
of a map of the major urban centers of Mesopotamia.
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Mesopotamia According to Torah commentators, «Bavel» is Babylon, «Erekh» is Uruk,
«Akkad» is Agade, and «Shinar» is Babylonia (1999ГерцЙ:54). «Kelakh» appears to be Nimrud, while «Ninyvei»
is Nineveh (1993DalleyS). From approximately 1770 BCE, Babylon became the
largest settlement in the Ancient World and gained widespread renown
(2013ChandlerT_FoxG:362). |
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25 And unto Eber were born two sons; the name of one was Peleg, for in
his days was the earth divided ; and his brother's name was Joktan. |
Historical Allusion. The mention of the «division of the earth» may serve as a laconic
reflection of real processes of power centralization and significant
ethnopolitical regrouping in Mesopotamia.
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Mesopotamia In the period between 3000 and 2370
BCE, Akkad rose to prominence alongside the existing Sumer. Later, under King
Sargon the Great, the two lands became a unified whole (2002АзимовА). |
There is an opinion that the Sumerians appeared in Mesopotamia in the second half of the 4th millennium BCE (1965КрамерС). In 4200–3100 BCE, the Uruk culture flourished in southern Mesopotamia, succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr culture, which prospered in 3100–2900 BCE (2020Van de MieroopM). Akkad (Agade), once the capital of the Akkadian Empire, first appears as the toponym «A-ga-de» on a tablet dating from 2350–2200 BCE (1987HeimpelW). Exceptionally little information has survived concerning Babylon from the 3rd millennium BCE (2011LambertWG). From approximately 1770 BCE, the settlement became the largest in the Ancient World and gained widespread renown (2013ChandlerT_FoxG). «Kelakh» appears to be Nimrud, while «Ninyvei» is Nineveh, which has been known since the 3rd millennium BCE. By consensus, the destruction of Nineveh occurred in 612 BCE, as confirmed by the absence of Assyrian records, although life at the site did not cease entirely (1993DalleyS). Subsequently, despite the existence of still-inhabited ruins, Nineveh forever lost its status as a center of more than regional significance (2008FrahmE).
(The conclusion compiled by the AI agent, with our minor changes)
Preliminary Conclusion to the Analysis of Genesis Chapter 10
Scientific Comparison of Textual Parallels and Chronological Analysis:
1.
Heroic Archetype of Power
Comparison: The
figure of Nimrod («a mighty hunter,» Gen 10:8–9) finds a direct prototype in the
Mesopotamian hero Gilgamesh. In both traditions, exceptional physical
prowess and valor serve as the legitimacy for founding the first city-states.
Chronology: The characterization of Gilgamesh («supreme over other kings,» «awesome to perfection») was codified during the Old Babylonian period (1800–1600 BCE), establishing an archaic context for the perception of the «mighty ruler» in the land of Shinar.
2.
Genealogical Model
Comparison: The
structure of Genesis 10, describing the origin of nations exclusively through
the male line («Cush begat Nimrod,» «Mizraim begat Ludim»), is identical to
Egyptian cosmogonies and biological metaphors of power.
Chronology: The Egyptian Pyramid Texts (2350–2175 BCE) and Old Kingdom texts (Tomb of Pepi I) record the exclusive action of the masculine principle of creation (Atum creating Shu and Tefnut without a female counterpart; Horus «giving birth» to four sons). This reflects an ancient Near Eastern model of the linear reproduction of power and life.
3. Onomastic
Enumeration
Comparison: The
genre of a «geographical registry» in Genesis 10 used to fix ethnopolitical
boundaries corresponds to the administrative practices of Egypt.
Chronology: The use of lists of primary geographical names (from Nubian fortresses to Upper Egyptian towns) is recorded in Egyptian papyri of the late Middle Kingdom (ca. 1800–1700 BCE). This confirms the existence of a developed tradition of compiling territorial registries to assert political control.
4.
Toponymic Verification
Comparison: The
map in Genesis 10 reproduces the major urban centers of
Mesopotamia: Babylon, Akkad (Agade), Erech (Uruk), Calah (Nimrud), and
Nineveh.
Chronology: Akkad (A-ga-de) is documented on tablets from 2350–2200 BCE. The status of Babylon as the largest center of the Ancient World was established from 1770 BCE. The mention of Nineveh as a «great city» aligns with its period of imperial prosperity before its destruction in 612 BCE, allowing the chapter's informational layers to be dated across a broad range from the 3rd to the mid-1st millennium BCE.
5.
Historical Allusion
Comparison: The
mention of the «division of the earth» in the days of Peleg (Gen 10:25) serves
as a laconic reflection of real geopolitical processes.
Chronology: The processes of power centralization and the unification of lands (as seen under Sargon the Great in 2370–3000 BCE) or subsequent ethnic regroupings in Mesopotamia find their compressed reflection in Biblical onomastics, preserving the memory of major shifts in settlement patterns.
Summary
The textological analysis of Genesis Chapter 10 reveals its structure as a complex intertextual document, integrating Egyptian registry genres of the 2nd millennium BCE and Mesopotamian toponymic layers. The heroic archetype of the founding king (Nimrod/Gilgamesh) and the linear masculine genealogy indicate the use of established Near Eastern models of power legitimation. Crucially, the mention of Nineveh as a primary «great city» provides a definitive terminus ante quem for the text's information layer: since Nineveh ceased to exist as a major center after its destruction in 612 BCE and is not mentioned thereafter in such a capacity, the core of this record must have been established prior to that date. Conversely, the inclusion of Akkad and Babylon prevents a dating earlier than the 3rd millennium BCE, effectively anchoring the historical horizon of the chapter between approximately 3000 and 612 BCE, but not before the rise of Akkad.
Sumer (c. 3300 – before 1900 BCE) britannica.com
The Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2543 – c. 2120 BCE) britannica.com
The Third Dynasty of Ur (22nd – 21st cent. BCE) britannica.com
The First Intermediate period of Egypt (c. 2118 – c. 1980 BCE) britannica.com
The Old Babylonian period of Egypt (2000 – 1595 BCE) onlinelibrary.wiley.com
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1980 – c. 1760 BCE) britannica.com
The Second Intermediate period of Egypt (c. 1759 – c. 1539 BCE) britannica.com
The New Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1539 – c. 1077 BCE) britannica.com
Authors of the article
Arkhipov S.V. – Independent Researcher, MD, PhD, Orthopedic Surgeon, Medical Writer, Joensuu, Finland.
Correspondence: Sergey Arkhipov, email: archipovsv @ gmail.com
Article history
February 25, 2026 - online version of the article published.
Suggested citation
Arkhipov S.V. The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 10. About round ligament of femur. February 25, 2026.
Note
Keywords
Genesis Protograph, Bereshit Protograph, Hyksos-era Scriptorium, Ligamentum Teres, Ligamentum Capitis Femoris, Minoan Eruption Impact, Bronze Age, Middle Egyptian Origin, Cross-cultural Codification, Ancient Medicine, Biblical Chronology
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