MYTHS AND MISCONCEPTIONS

MYTHS AND MISCONCEPTIONS

(Erroneous and folkloric beliefs, folk and traditional stories...)

LCF in English Bibles The first written mention of the LCF in humans is found in the ancient Hebrew book – Bereshit (Genesis). In English translations of the Bible, LCF is denoted by various terms, often not explicitly referring to the «ligament».
The Shortest Comments on Genesis, Chap. XXXII-XXXIII In the selected excerpt, the symptoms, mechanism, and differential diagnostic test for the injury to LCF are provided, along with details about the circumstances, time, and place of the biblical trauma.
1609-1583bcProtoBereshit Hypothesis: in the work of fiction, an unknown physician-encyclopedist for the first time pointed out damage to the LCF as a cause of gait disturbance.
922-722bcElohist A variant of the oldest description of damage to the LCF and the cause of lameness in Hebrew, dating from 922-722 BC.
8cent.bcHomer The poet describes an open hip fracture-dislocation, which is usually accompanied by damage to the LCF.
650-570bcJeremiah_Baruch The editors of the book of Bereishit mention the LCF of the animal.
5-2cent.bcSamaritan Pentateuch The Samaritan text contains references to the LCF of an animal and a human.
445bсEzra An extreme Hebrew version of a passage from the Book of Bereshit mentioning the LCF of an animal and a human.
3-1cent.bcSeptuaginta The text in ancient Greek contains references to the LCF of an animal and a human.
0cent.4Q158.1-2. Fragments of the Dead Sea Scroll, which previously contained the text of Genesis 32 with a mention of LCF.
50-135Akiva ben Joseph The rabbi mentions the LCF of the animal.
80-110Eliezer ben Hyrcanus The author indicates the location of the LCF and describes its injury.
80-120Targum Onkelos The Aramaic text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
93-94JosephusF The author mentions LCF in an animal and an episode of its damage in a human.
1-2cent.Vetus Latina The oldest Latin text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
2cent.Mur1. A fragment of the Dead Sea Scroll containing the text of the final part of the 32nd chapter of the Book of Genesis with a mention of LCF.
1-3cent.Peshitta The Syriac text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
135-170Yehudah ben Ilai The religious scholar points out the distal attachment site of the LCF and demonstrates knowledge of the possibility of its injury.
150-250Targum Jonathan The mentions ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in an animal and an episode of its damage in a human.
165-257Shmuel Babylonian physician demonstrates knowledge of LCF injury, identifies topography and distal attachment site.
190-230Mishnah Chullin Selected quotations discuss the presence of LCF in different animals, its location and distal attachment site.
200Mekilta de-Rabbi Yishmael The passage we have chosen mentions the LCF of the animal.
2-3cent.Coptic Bible The Coptic text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
220-299Yehuda ben Yechezkel The religious scholar points out the location of the LCF in animals and distinguishes it from the sciatic nerve.
220-320Kahana The rabbi points out the location of the LCF and knows how to differentiate it from the sciatic nerve.
250-350Sifra The passage we have chosen mentions the LCF of the animal.
280-352Rava The rabbi identifies the location and distal attachment site of the LCF and demonstrates knowledge of its function.
290-320Chisda The religious scholar indirectly mentions LCF.
320-350Abun bar Ḥiyya The rabbi notes the presence of LCF in the even-toed ungulate - the deer.
320-350Aha The rabbi points out the location of the LCF and knows how to differentiate it from the sciatic nerve.
375-425Jerusalem Talmud The rabbis discuss the presence of LCF in different animals.
375-425Ravina The rabbi speaks about the presence of the LCF and explains how it differs from the sciatic nerve.
386Ambrosius Mediolanensis The author mentions LCF of the animal.
386-397John Chrysostom The author mentions LCF in an animal and an episode of its damage in a human.
4cent.Gothic Bible A Gothic term that may have been used to refer to the LCF of an animal and a human.
4-5cent.Ethiopic Bible The Ethiopic text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
398-405Jerome of Stridon The Latin text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
435Armenian Bible The ancient Armenian text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
450-550Babylonian Talmud The rabbis discuss the presence of LCF in different animals, its location, role, distal attachment area, and the possibility of damage.
5-6cent.Georgian Bible The ancient Georgian text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
862-885Cyril_Methodius An Old Slavonic terms that may have been used to refer to the LCF of an animal and a human.
893-927Gregory the Presbyter An Old Slavonic term that may have been used to refer to the LCF of an animal and a human.
927-942Arabic Bible The Arabic text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
978Oshki Bible The ancient Georgian text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
1039-1065Giorgi Mtatsmindeli The translator mentions the LCF damage, and notes its presence in animals.
1120-1140Judah Halevi The author mentions LCF (גיד) of mammals.
1176-1178(a)Rambam The author mentions the pathology of LCF (גיד) in humans and points out the presence of this structure in animals.
1176-1178(b)Rambam The author writes about the localization of LCF (גיד) ) and distinguishes it from a tendon, blood vessel or nerve.
1185-1235David Kimchi The author writes about the localization, purpose, and injury of the LCF (גיד), and also talks about its presence in adult animals and embryos.
1190Rambam The author mentions a variant of the pathology LCF (גיד) in humans.
1220-1260Hezekiah ben Manoah The author briefly mentions LCF (גיד) of animals.
1255-1285Sefer HaChinukh The author mentions LCF (גיד) of animals.
1290-1310Bahya ben Asher The author discusses the damage to the LCF (גיד), its strength, role and shape, mentioning the presence of this structure in animals.
1270-1340Jacob ben Asher The author mentions LCF (גיד) damage in humans and notes its presence in animals.
1482-1548BartenuraO The author refers to the LCF of animals using the term "גיד".
1742Chaim_ben_Attar The author mentions the LCF of man and animal, calling this formation “גיד הנשה” (gid ha-nashe).
1753AstrucJ In analyzing the book of Genesis, the author cites a French text mentioning a hip injury, damage to the LCF, and the consequences of an accident.
1802PaleyW Mention of the LCF in theological literature.
1922LeeserI The fragment from the Book of Genesis recounts the journey of the family of Patriarch Jacob from Charan to Canaan (Gen. 31:1 – 33:20). In the provided excerpt of the ancient text, for the first time in history, the injury to the LCF of a man is mentioned (Gen. 32:26,33).

1948EpsteinI The editor comments on the words of Rabbi Samuel (Shmuel) in the tractate Hullin of the Babylonian Talmud, explaining the location of the LCF in relation to the joint and its differences from the sciatic nerve.

2013MorrisonC_KookAI The rabbi writes about the mechanical function of the LCF in humans.
2019(a)ArkhipovSV_SkvortsovDV For the first time, damage to the ligament of the head of femur in humans and the mechanism of injury are described in the Bible. Read more in the article: Ligamentum capitis femoris: first written mentions.

2025

2025Arkhipov SV. Physicians Who Became Gods: Rational-Critical Theology.
11.11.2025
2025ArkhipovSV_ArkhipovaLN. Who, When, and Where Wrote the Book of Genesis?

2026

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MYTHS AND MISCONCEPTIONS

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1886LesshaftP

According to the author, the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) reduces shocks and impacts of the articular surfaces. In addition, P. Lesshaft states an anatomical fact: the LCF is located vertically under the part of the acetabulum, which mainly bears the weight of the body. The text is prepared for machine translation using a service built into the blog from Google or your web browser. In some cases, we have added links to quotations about LCF available on our resource, as well as to publications posted on the Internet. Über die Vorriehtungen in den Gelenken zur Milderung der mit den Bewegungen verbundenen Stösse und Erschütterungen . Von P. Lesshaft, Professor der Anatomie in St. Petersburg. (Schluß.) Die Bewegungen im Kiefergelenke werden auch von einer hier liegenden Bandscheibe (Meniscus interarticularis) gemindert, aber außerdem von Syndesmosen, die als Gomphosis der Zähne und als Nahtverschmelzung (sutura) hier vorkommen und welche nichts anderes als eine (...

Tiktaalik roseae

TIKTAALIK ROSEAE The first truly tetrapod animal (Limbed tetrapods) is recognized as the lobe-finned fish Tiktaalik roseae (clade Elpistostegalia), discovered in rocks aged about 375 Ma (2006DaeschlerEB_JenkinsJrFA; 2008ShubinN; 2017ShubinN). Discoveries in recent years have allowed us to place the taxa of early tetrapodomorphs in the following order: Tinirau, Eusthenopteron, Megalichthys, Panderichthys, Qikiqtania, Tiktaalik, Elpistostege, Parmastega, Ventastega, Acanthostega, Elginerpeton, Ymeria, Ichthyostega (2022StewartTA_ShubinNH). The closest ancestor of Tiktaalik roseae, the fragments of the skeleton of which are relatively well preserved, is Panderichthys. Reconstruction of the prehistoric fish Pandericthys Author Tyler Rhodes; original in the wikipedia.org collection (license CC BY-SA 3.0, no changes). The shape of the skeleton of the pectoral fin and shoulder girdle suggests that Panderichthys rhombolepis "walked" (2006AhlbergPE_ClackJA). At the very least...

163-192Galen

Fragment from the treatise Galen. On anatomical procedures (Περὶ Ἀνατομικῶν Ἐγχειρήσεων, ca. 163-192). The author writes about the high resiliency and hardness of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), and also notes its connective function. See our commentary at the link: 163-192Galen [Rus], and 2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV . Quote [Grc] Περὶ Ἀνατομικῶν Ἐγχειρήσεων. Βιβλιον B. K εφ . ι ʹ . Αλλά χρή σε, καθάπερ επί της χειρός επεσκέψω τους συνδέσμους των οστών, ούτω και νυν επισκέψασθαι πασών των γεγυμνωμένων διαρθρώσεων, πρώτης μεν της κατ' ισχίον, εχούσης ένα μεν εν κύκλω σύνδεσμον, απάντων των άρθρων κοινόν, (ουδέν γάρ έστιν, ότω μή περιβέβληται τοιούτος σύνδεσμος,) έτερον δε τον διά του βάθους εν τη διαρθρώσει κατακεκρυμμένον, ος συνάπτει την κεφαλήν του μηρού τη κατ' ισχίον κοιλότητι, πάνυ σκληρός ών, ώς ήδη δύνασθαι λέγεσθαι νεύρον χονδρώδες. (original source: 1821KühnCG, pp. 328-329) [Lat] De Anatomicis Administrationibus. Liber II. Cap. X. Verum considerare te convenit, ut i...

1877MorrisH

An excerpt from the article by Morris H. Dislocations of the Thigh: their mode of occurrence as indicated by experiments, and the Anatomy of the Hip-joint (1877, pp. 161-170). The author noted that the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) is stretched during flexion, adduction, and external rotation. It was found that the LCF is always damaged in hip dislocations, is more often torn from the femur, and is rarely ruptured. Discussion of article see article 1877BrookeC . DISLOCATIONS OF THE THIGH: THEIR MODE OF OCCURRENCE AS INDICATED BY EXPERIMENTS AND THE ANATOMY OF THE HIP-JOINT. BY HENRY MORRIS, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S., ASSISTANT SURGEON TO, AND LECTURER ON ANATOY1 AT, THE MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL. Received January 9th-Read February 13th, 1877. RECENTLY, whilst making various dissections of the hip-joint, the usually accepted doctrine that dorsal and ischiatic dislocations of the femur occur when the thigh is in a position of adduction appeared to me as very improbable, on anatomi...

1857HyrtlJ

The author discusses the anatomy, structure, and role of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). Based on his own research, Josef Hyrtl asserts that the vessels of the LCF do not participate in supplying blood to the femoral head. The author highlights the high strength of the LCF and changes in congenital dislocations. Apparently, this work was the first to suggest that the LCF serves as a conductor of inflammatory processes and a cause of coxalgia. Hyrtl J. Handbuch der topagraphischen Anatomie und ihrer praktisch medicinisch-chirurgischen Anwendungen. Zweiter band. Wien: W. Braumüller, 1857. [fragment] Quote p. 410-412 c. Rundes Band des Schenkelkopfes. Einfluss desselben auf die Stellung des Beins bei Coxalgie. Ein verticaler, durch die Mitte der Pfanne und des Schenkelkopfes und bei richtiger Beckenneigung von aussen nach innen geführter Schnitt, trennt das runde Band in zwei gleiche Schenkel, einen vorderen und hinteren. Das Band ...

LCF in 2026 (May)

LCF in 2026 (May ) (Quotes from articles and books published in May 2026 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris) Kim, P. S., Kang, C., Lee, J. K., & Hwang, J. M. (2026). Hip arthroscopy to treat symptomatic paralabral cysts: a retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes. Arthroscopy and Orthopedic Sports Medicine , 13 (1), 27-34. [i] e-aosm.org Ko, H. Y. (2026). Vascular Anatomy of the Extremities and Lungs. In Practical Functional Anatomy for Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: A Guide for Physiatrists and Rehabilitation Specialists (pp. 191-223). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. [ii] link.springer.com Aiba, H., Yamaguchi, M., Kimura, H., & Murakami, H. (2026). Advances in limb-salvage surgery and reconstruction for pediatric bone and soft tissue tumors. Frontiers in Pediatrics , 14 , 1817788. [iii] pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Bajwa, A., Villar, R., ...

A Novel Technique for Proximal Fixation

Arkhipov SV. A Novel Technique for Proximal Fixation of Ligamentum Capitis Femoris Reconstruction: The Gifts of the Magi for Orthopedic Surgeons. About Round Ligament of Femur. January 14, 2026. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25269.33763 https://roundligament.blogspot.com/2026/01/the-gifts-of-magi-for-orthopedic.html Abstract Purpose: To describe an experimental technique for proximal fixation in ligamentum capitis femoris (ligamentum teres femoris; LCF) reconstruction using pubic and ischial portions anchored in corresponding pelvic bone tunnels, tested on synthetic hip joint models, and to propose it’s for arthroscopic application with visualization via an inferior portal and femoral tunnel. Methods: Synthetic polyurethane bone analogs (Synbone) of the pelvis and proximal femur were used to fabricate hip joint models. Acetabular cartilage analogs were created from self-curing plastic compound. Femoral tunnels were drilled along the neck axis from the subtrochanteric region below the tub...

1851HyrtlJ

The author expresses a classic view on the functions of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF): a conductor of blood vessels and a limiter of adduction of the femur. J. Hyrtl believed that it was impossible to completely dislocate the hip without tearing the LCF. Hyrtl J. Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, mit Rücksicht auf physiologische Begründung und praktische Anwendung. Wien: W. Braumüller, 1851. [fragment] Quote p. 265 In der Höhle des Gelenks liegt das runde Band des Schenkelkopfes (Lig. teres), welches an der Incisura acetabuli entspringt, und bei richtiger Neigung des Beckens, senkrecht zur Grube des Schenkelkopfes aufsteigt. Es beschränkt dieses Band die Zuziehung des Schenkels, und schreibt zugleich den durch die Incisura acetabuli eindringenden Blutgefässen den Weg vor, den sie zum Oberschenkelkopfe zu nehmen haben. Da das Band, wenn es in die Höhle des Gelenkes vorragen würde, durch Reibung viel zu leiden hätte, so...

14c.Rudolf_von_Ems

Rudolf von Ems. Weltchronik, m iniature Jacob Wrestling with an Angel ( 14th cent., between 1350 and 1375). Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Unknown author , m iniature Jacob Wrestling with an Ang...

LCF in 2026 (August)

LCF in 2026 (August ) (Quotes from articles and books published in August 2026 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris) Maldonado, D. R., Schab, A. R., & Domb, B. G. (2026). Improvement in Patient‐Reported Outcomes, High Rate of Return to Sport, and Secondary Surgery Rate Ranging From 0% to 9.8% After Hip Arthroscopy in Dancers and Athletes in Flexibility Sports: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation , e70020. [i] arthroscopyjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com Klingele, K., & Strub, D. (2026). Author Response: Considerations and Challenges in Open Reduction With Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction for Pediatric Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics . [ii] ovid.com Quesada‐Jimenez, R., Rana, K., Strok, M. J., Kahana‐Rojkind, A. H., Burt, A. K., Sugarman, E. P., & Domb, B. G. (2026). Dual Labral and Ligamentum Ter...

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