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MYTHS AND MISCONCEPTIONS

 

MYTHS AND MISCONCEPTIONS

(Erroneous and folkloric beliefs, folk and traditional stories...) 

    • LCF in English Bibles The first written mention of the LCF in humans is found in the ancient Hebrew book – Bereshit (Genesis). In English translations of the Bible, LCF is denoted by various terms, often not explicitly referring to the «ligament». 
    • The Shortest Comments on Genesis, Chap. XXXII-XXXIII In the selected excerpt, the symptoms, mechanism, and differential diagnostic test for the injury to LCF are provided, along with details about the circumstances, time, and place of the biblical trauma. 
    • 1609-1583bcProtoBereshit Hypothesis: in the work of fiction, an unknown physician-encyclopedist for the first time pointed out damage to the LCF as a cause of gait disturbance. 
    • 922-722bcElohist A variant of the oldest description of damage to the LCF and the cause of lameness in Hebrew, dating from 922-722 BC. 
    • 8cent.bcHomer The poet describes an open hip fracture-dislocation, which is usually accompanied by damage to the LCF.
    • 650-570bcJeremiah_Baruch The editors of the book of Bereishit mention the LCF of the animal. 
    • 5-2cent.bcSamaritan Pentateuch The Samaritan text contains references to the LCF of an animal and a human. 
    • 445bсEzra An extreme Hebrew version of a passage from the Book of Bereshit mentioning the LCF of an animal and a human. 
    • 3-1cent.bcSeptuaginta The text in ancient Greek contains references to the LCF of an animal and a human.
    • 50-135Akiva ben Joseph The rabbi mentions the LCF of the animal. 
    • 80-110Eliezer ben Hyrcanus The author indicates the location of the LCF and describes its injury. 
    • 80-120Targum Onkelos The Aramaic text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
    • 93-94JosephusF The author mentions LCF in an animal and an episode of its damage in a human. 
    • 1-2cent.Vetus Latina The oldest Latin text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
    • 1-3cent.Peshitta The Syriac text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
    • 135-170Yehudah ben Ilai The religious scholar points out the distal attachment site of the LCF and demonstrates knowledge of the possibility of its injury. 
    • 150-250Targum Jonathan The mentions ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in an animal and an episode of its damage in a human.
    • 165-257Shmuel Babylonian physician demonstrates knowledge of LCF injury, identifies topography and distal attachment site. 
    • 190-230Mishnah Chullin Selected quotations discuss the presence of LCF in different animals, its location and distal attachment site. 
    • 200Mekilta de-Rabbi Yishmael The passage we have chosen mentions the LCF of the animal. 
    • 2-3cent.Coptic Bible The Coptic text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
    • 220-299Yehuda ben Yechezkel The religious scholar points out the location of the LCF in animals and distinguishes it from the sciatic nerve. 
    • 220-320Kahana The rabbi points out the location of the LCF and knows how to differentiate it from the sciatic nerve. 
    • 250-350Sifra The passage we have chosen mentions the LCF of the animal.
    • 280-352Rava The rabbi identifies the location and distal attachment site of the LCF and demonstrates knowledge of its function. 
    • 290-320Chisda The religious scholar indirectly mentions LCF. 
    • 320-350Abun bar Ḥiyya The rabbi notes the presence of LCF in the even-toed ungulate - the deer.
    • 320-350Aha The rabbi points out the location of the LCF and knows how to differentiate it from the sciatic nerve. 
    • 375-425Jerusalem Talmud The rabbis discuss the presence of LCF in different animals.
    • 375-425Ravina The rabbi speaks about the presence of the LCF and explains how it differs from the sciatic nerve. 
    • 386Ambrosius Mediolanensis The author mentions LCF of the animal.
    • 386-397John Chrysostom The author mentions LCF in an animal and an episode of its damage in a human. 
    • 4cent.Gothic Bible A Gothic term that may have been used to refer to the LCF of an animal and a human. 
    • 4-5cent.Ethiopic Bible The Ethiopic text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human. 
    • 398-405Jerome of Stridon The Latin text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human. 
    • 435Armenian Bible The ancient Armenian text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
    • 450-550Babylonian Talmud The rabbis discuss the presence of LCF in different animals, its location, role, distal attachment area, and the possibility of damage.
    • 5-6cent.Georgian Bible The ancient Georgian text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.  
    • 862-885Cyril_Methodius An Old Slavonic terms that may have been used to refer to the LCF of an animal and a human. 
    • 893-927Gregory the Presbyter An Old Slavonic term that may have been used to refer to the LCF of an animal and a human.
    • 927-942Arabic Bible The Arabic text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
    • 978Oshki Bible The ancient Georgian text contains mentioned to LCF of an animal and a human.
    • 1039-1065Giorgi Mtatsmindeli The translator mentions the LCF damage, and notes its presence in animals.
    • 1120-1140Judah Halevi The author mentions LCF (גיד) of mammals.
    • 1176-1178(a)Rambam The author mentions the pathology of LCF (גיד) in humans and points out the presence of this structure in animals.
    • 1176-1178(b)Rambam The author writes about the localization of LCF (גיד) ) and distinguishes it from a tendon, blood vessel or nerve.
    • 1185-1235David Kimchi The author writes about the localization, purpose, and injury of the LCF (גיד), and also talks about its presence in adult animals and embryos. 
    • 1190Rambam The author mentions a variant of the pathology LCF (גיד) in humans.
    • 1220-1260Hezekiah ben Manoah The author briefly mentions LCF (גיד) of animals.
    • 1255-1285Sefer HaChinukh The author mentions LCF (גיד) of animals.
    • 1290-1310Bahya ben Asher The author discusses the damage to the LCF (גיד), its strength, role and shape, mentioning the presence of this structure in animals.
    • 1270-1340Jacob ben Asher The author mentions LCF (גיד) damage in humans and notes its presence in animals.
    • 1482-1548BartenuraO The author refers to the LCF of animals using the term "גיד".
    • 1742Chaim_ben_Attar The author mentions the LCF of man and animal, calling this formation “גיד הנשה” (gid ha-nashe). 
    • 1802PaleyW Mention of the LCF in theological literature. 
    • 1922LeeserI The fragment from the Book of Genesis recounts the journey of the family of Patriarch Jacob from Charan to Canaan (Gen. 31:1 – 33:20). In the provided excerpt of the ancient text, for the first time in history, the injury to the LCF of a man is mentioned (Gen. 32:26,33). 
    • 2013MorrisonC_KookAI The rabbi writes about the mechanical function of the LCF in humans.
    • 2019(a)ArkhipovSV_SkvortsovDV For the first time, damage to the ligament of the head of femur in humans and the mechanism of injury are described in the Bible. Read more in the article: Ligamentum capitis femoris: first written mentions. 

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BLOG CONTENT

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1827KühnCG

  Fragment from the book Kühn CG. Clavdii Galeni Opera omnia (1827). Pseudo-Galen notes the connecting function of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and also specifies the proximal and distal attachment sites. See our commentary at the link: 1827KühnCG [Rus].  Quote [Grc] Εἰσαγωγὴ   ἢ   Ἰτρός . K εφ .  ιβ . [ Περί   όστεολογἰας .] μηρου δέ έν μεν οστούν .  συμβάλλει δε επικεκαμμένη μετρίως τη κεφαλή αυτού εις βαθείαν κοτύλην του ισχίου και νεύρῳ απήρτηται εκφυομένω εκ μέσης της κοτύλης και εμφυομένω εις μέσην την κεφαλήν του μηρού . (original source: 1827KühnCG, pp. 723-724) [Lat Introductio, seu Medicus. Cap. XII.   [De osteologia] Femoris os unum est, cujus caput leniter reflexum in coxae profundum sinum conjicitur. Quam commissuram nervus, qui e medio sinu prodit et in medium femoris caput inseritur, continet. (original source: 1827KühnCG, pp. 723-724) Translation [Eng] Introduction, or the Physician. Chapter 12. [On osteology] The hip has ...
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2003IvanovYV

  Ivanov YV, panel, wood carving – Jacob Wrestling with the Angel (2003). Variant of depicting the  circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis:  25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank.  ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work:  Ninth month, eleventh day   ( 2024 АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ).     Ivanov Yuri Vitalievich – Jacob Wrestling with the Angel (2003);  im...
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1666VeslingJ

  Fragments from the book Vesling J. Syntagma anatomicum (1666). The author describes the attachment, properties and role of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). The text uses several synonyms: ligamentum teres, rotundo, tereti. Quote p. 269 [Lat] Superior appendix cum adjuncto processu, amplum, globosum que femoris caput constituit, valida cervice subnixum, quod intra cavitatem ossis Ischii, Ilium, & Pubis concursu productam, (Acetabulum alias, Pyxidemque nominant) reconditur. Detinetur in hoc sinu robustis LIGAMENTIS: lato uno, & membranoso, quod articulum totum circumdat, tum rotundo altero, & tereti, quod ab ipsa cavitate productum, statim in caput susceptum demittitur. Quote p. 276 [Lat] Fig. VII … b. Ligamentum teres, ex Acetabulo natum. Translation [Eng] Quote p. 269 . The superior appendage, together with the accessory process, forms the large, spherical head of the femur, supported by a strong neck, which is placed in a cavity formed by the ischium, ilium, and...
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1614PlatterF

Fragment from the book Platter F. Observationum (1614). The author notes the role of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in fixing the femur in the acetabulum and the possibility of its lengthening  (synovitis) . Quote pp. 141-142 [Lat] Cruris dextri astrictio & contractio, post coxendicum dolorem. Cùm enim ligamentum illud articulum circumd ás, omnium totius corporis ligamentorum, quae articulos ambiunt, sit amplissimum; fieri potest, ut adeò cedat, ut (sicuti saepe sit) femoris caput, è suo sinu devoluatur, & in membranae illius (quae cùm erassissima sit, prae omnibus totius corporis ligamentis, nunquam vi qualicunque disrumpi potest) amplitudine seu capacitate subsistat, elongato simul & vehementer attracto, tereti illo & crasso, quod caput aliàs in suo sinu retinere solet, ligamento. Quod & ob tensionem illam nimiam, astrictum & induratum, chordae alicuius crasssissimae & firmisimae instar, quae nunquam disrumpi, nunquam ab acetabulo, cuius cartilag...
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Online Journal «ABOUT ROUND LIGAMENT OF FEMUR», July 2025

  The journal is dedicated to the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and related topics   About the Journal   »»»                                                                                . The online journal  « About Round Ligament of  Femur »   was created based on the scientific blog of the same name. The resource is the English-language part of the project:  ONLINE JOURNAL:  Ligamentum capitis femoris .   Updates:  As new materials are prepared. Mission :   Popularization and preservation of knowledge about LCF, as well as promoting its practical application. Main goal:  Improvement of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of injuries and diseases of the hip joint. Publisher:  Arkhipov S.V., independent researc...
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344-411Rufinus Aquileiensis

  A fragment of the manuscript of the translation of Josephus Flavius' Antiquities of the Jews ( Ἰουδαϊκὴ ἀρχαιολογία / De antiquitate iudaica) into Latin by Rufinus Aquileiensis. The translator worked approximately between 344 and 411 in the Roman Empire. His work was rewritten between 1150 and 1199 in Northern France. In Josephus's translation of Antiquities of the Jews, ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) is referred to as «neruum». The selected fragment deals with the LCF of an animal and discusses a biblical episode of its damage in a human. See our commentary at the link: 344-411Rufinus Aquileiensis [Rus]. T he original text: 93-94JosephusF . Quote [ Lat] De antiquitate iudaica. Liber primus (original source: 1150JosephusF, p. 22, fragment) Translation [Eng] Antiquities of the Jews. Book 1. 20.2 When Jacob had made these appointments all the day, and night came on, he moved on with his company; and, as they were gone over a certain river called Jabboc, Jacob was left behi...
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1794LoderJC

  Drawings and descriptions from book Loder JC. Tabulae anatomicae (1794). Image of the hip joint, ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and peripheral part of the acetabular canal ( hiatus acetabuli ,  see Fig. 2.10) .   External links Loder JC. Tabulae anatomicae quas ad illustrandam humani corporis fabricam colle git et curavit. Vinariae, 1794. [ wellcomecollection.org ] Authors & Affiliations Justus Ferdinand Christian Loder (1753-1832) was a German anatomist and surgeon, professor of surgery and anatomy at the University of Jena. [ wikipedia.org ] Justus Christian Loder (1801?) Engraving by F. Müller after a painting by Fr. A. Tischbein; original in the  wikimedia.org   collection (CC0 – Public Domain, no changes)   Keywords ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, anatomy, image                                    ...
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150-250Targum Jonathan

  Fragments from the Targum Jonathan on Genesis. Tractate was written between about 150 - 250 in lend of Israel. The text is a combination of a translation and commentary on the book of Bereshit. The unknown compiler mentions ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in an animal and an episode of its damage in a human. See our commentary at the link: 150-250Targum Jonathan [Rus]. Quote 1. [Heb] Genesis. 32:33 (original source:  sefaria.org ) Quote 2. [Heb] Genesis. 43:16 (original source:  sefaria.org ) Translation Quote 1. [Eng] Genesis. 32:33 Therefore, the sons of Israel eat not the sinew which shrank, which is in the hollow of the thigh of cattle and of wild animals, until this day; because the Angel touched and laid hold of the hollow of the right thigh of Jakob, in the place of the sinew which shrank. (Transl. by J.W. Etheridge (186 2 ) ; original source: targum.info ) Quote 2. [Eng] Genesis. 43:16 And Joseph saw Benjamin with them: and he said to Menasheh whom he had mad...
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