220-299Yehuda ben Yechezkel

Sayings of Yehuda ben Yechezkel extracted from the tractates Pesachim and Chullin (Babylonian Talmud). Babylonian Talmud was written between about 450 - 550 in present-day Iraq (formerly Babylonia). Religious scholar Yehuda ben Yechezkel points out the location of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in animals and distinguishes it from the sciatic nerve. See our commentary at the link: 220-299Yehudaben Yechezkel [Rus].

Quote 1.

[Heb]

Pesachim 83b10

(original source: sefaria.org)

Quote 2.

[Heb]

Chullin 91a2

(original source: sefaria.org)

Quote 3.

[Heb]

Chullin 93b9

(original source: sefaria.org)

Quote 4.

[Heb]

Chullin 93b11

(original source: sefaria.org)

Translation

Quote 1.

[Eng]

Passover Festivals 83b10

Ravina said: This discussion pertains to the outer nerve, and it is in accordance with that which Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said, as Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: There are two sinews in the sciatic nerve: The inner sinew that is next to the bone is forbidden according to Torah law, and one is liable to be flogged for eating it. The outer sinew that is next to the meat is forbidden by rabbinic law, and therefore one is not liable to be flogged for eating it. Since the outer sinew is permitted according to Torah law, it attains the status of leftover when it is not eaten. (original source: sefaria.org)

Quote 2.

[Eng]

Chullin 91a2

Ravina said: The mishna’s statement is necessary only with regard to the outer nerve, and it is in accordance with that which Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said. As Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: There are two nerves included in the prohibition of the sciatic nerve. The inner nerve that is next to the bone is forbidden by Torah law, and one is liable to be flogged for eating it. The outer nerve that is next to the flesh is forbidden by rabbinic law, and therefore one is not liable to be flogged for eating it. In the case of a Paschal offering, since the outer nerve is permitted by Torah law, it assumes the status of leftover sacrificial meat when it is not eaten. (original source: sefaria.org)

Quote 3.

[Eng]

Chullin 93b9

§ The Gemara returns to the prohibition of eating the sciatic nerve. Rav Yehuda says that Shmuel says: There are two nerves included in the prohibition of the sciatic nerve. The inner nerve, which is next to the bone, is forbidden by Torah law, and one is liable to be flogged for eating it. The outer nerve, which is next to the flesh, is forbidden by rabbinic law, and therefore one is not liable to be flogged for eating it. (original source: sefaria.org)

Quote 4.

[Eng]

Chullin 93b11

The Gemara challenges: But isn’t it taught in a baraita: The outer nerve is next to the bone? The Gemara answers: Rav Yehuda said: This is referring to the spot where the butchers cut the leg open and reveal the nerve, and at that point in the leg the outer nerve is closest to the bone. (original source: sefaria.org)

External links

Babylonian Talmud. Pesachim (The William Davidson Edition). 450-550. [sefaria.org]

Babylonian Talmud. Chullin (The William Davidson Edition). 450-550. [sefaria.org]

Babylonian Talmud. Tract. Pesachim (Passover). Trans. M.L. Rodkinson Vol. 5. Boston: The Talmud Society, 1918. [archive.org]

Authors & Affiliations

Yehuda ben Yechezkel (ca. 220 – ca. 299) was a teacher (rabbi), lived in Pumbedita (Babylonia). [jewishencyclopedia.com , sefaria.org , wikipedia.org]

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, Bible, Torah, animals, anatomy, synonym

NB! Fair practice / use: copied for the purposes of criticism, review, comment, research and private study in accordance with Copyright Laws of the US: 17 U.S.C. §107; Copyright Law of the EU: Dir. 2001/29/EC, art.5/3a,d; Copyright Law of the RU: ГК РФ ст.1274/1.1-2,7

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LCF in 2025 (September)

LCF in 2025 ( September ) (Quotes from articles and books published in September 2025 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris) Zhang, Z., Dong, Q., Wang, T., You, H., & Wang, X. (2025). Redescription of the osteology and systematic of Panguraptor lufengensis (Neo-theropoda: Coelophysoidea). 01 September 2025. PREPRINT (Version 1) [i] researchsquare.com Tripathy, S. K., Khan, S., & Bhagat, A. (2025). Surgical Anatomy of the Femoral Head. In A Practical Guide to Management of Femoral Head Fracture-Dislocation (pp. 1-13). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. [ii] link.springer.com Yoon, B. H., Kim, H. S., Lim, Y. W., & Lim, S. J. (2025). Adhesive Capsulitis of the Hip: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management. Hip & pelvis , 37 (3), 171-177. [iii] pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Bharath, C. M., Aswath, C. A., Ayyadurai, P., Srinivasan, P....

0cent.4Q158.1-2

Content [i] Annotation [ii] Original text [iii] Translation [iv] Source & links [v] Notes [vi] Authors & Affiliations [vii] Keywords [i] Annotation Fragments 1-2 of Dead Sea Scroll 4Q158.1-2, which previously contained part of Genesis 32 with a mention of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). We have translated the reconstructed text of M.M. Zahn (2009). The English translation is available at: 0 cent .4 Q 158.1-2 . [ii] Original text Photocopy Dead Sea Scroll 4Q158, fragments 1-2 (Plate 138, Frag. 4 B-358482), material – parchment, text – Hebrew, period – Herodian. A screenshot of the original from The Leon Levy dead sea scrolls Digital Library collection, © 2025 Israel Antiquities Authority deadseascrolls.org.il (Fair use for criticism, study and comparison; sharpening, color correction, and captions done by us.). Transcription Dead Sea Scroll 4Q158, fragments 1-2, lines 11...

EXTERNAL LIGAMENTS & LCF

external ligaments & LCF First experiments to study the interaction of the external ligaments and the ligamentum capitis femoris in a model: https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/06/blog-post_6.html Pathological consequences of lengthening of the ligamentum capitis femoris: https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/06/blog-post_63.html norm: https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/06/blog-post_50.html #ligamentum_teres #ligamentum_capitis_femoris #hip #biomechanics Publication in the facebook group 03/27/2025. BLOG CONTE...

1802PalmeraniÁ

Palmerani Á , drawing Jacob wrestling with the angel (1802 ). Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not prevail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024 АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Ángel Palmerani – Jacob Wrestling with the Angel ( 1802); original in the a...

1971CracraftJ

Content [i] Annotaction [ii] Original in English [iii] Illustrations [iv] Source & links [v] Notes [vi] Authors & Affiliations [vii] Keywords [i] Annotaction F ragment s of the article: Cracraft J. The functional morphology of the hind limb of the domestic pigeon, Columba livia. (1971). The author studied the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in the pigeon. Its strength is noted and its attachment areas and biomechanics are described. The LCF functions in conjunction with the posterior acetabular ligament. Translation into Russian is available at the link: 1971CracraftJ . [ii] Original in English Quote, p. 182 TERES LIGAMENT The teres ligament (ter lig; fig. 2) arises from the dorsal portion of the head of the femur (fovea capitis; see Stolpe, 1932, p.165 ). A short and broad ligament, it curves ventromedially to the anteroventral edge of the inner opening of the acetabu...

1980WalkerJM

Content [i] Annotation [ii] Original text [iii] Illustrations [iv] Source & links [v] Notes [vi] Authors & Affiliations [vii] Keywords [i] Annotation Article : Walker JM. Growth characteristics of the fetal ligament of the head of femur: significance in congenital hip disease (1980). The author discusses the embryonic development and size of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in normal and dysplastic hips. The text in Russian is available at the following link: 1980WalkerJM . [ii] Original text Growth Characteristics of the Fetal Ligament of the Head of Femur: Significance in congenital hip disease J.M. WALKER, Ph.D. Abstract Measurement of the length and width of the ligament of the head of femur (ligamentum teres) in 140 normal human fetuses between 12 weeks and term provides limits for growth changes in this structure. These observations provide no morphological evid...

1910SuttonHA_DrinkerCK

Fragments from the book Sutton HA, Drinker CK. Osteology and syndesmology (1910). The selected fragments discuss the anatomy and topography of the ligament of the femoral head (LCF). According to the authors, this structure has low strength, but Galen of Pergamon (2-3rd cent.) described it as «the strongest» ( 1829KühnCG ). [Eng] Quote 1. p. 76 . The Cotyloid Lig't., or Cartilage, surmounts the edge of the Acetabulum except where it is broken by the Notch. This ligament simply deepens the cavity. The centre of the Acetabulum, by a rough area, the Cotyloid Fossa, attaches the Ligamentum Teres. Quote 2. p. 79. Head. Slightly more than a half sphere in shape. An articular surface for the Acetabulum occupies it, except at a fossa which attaches the Ligamentum Teres. Quote 3. p. 86. Two connect the bones. They are: 1. Ligamentum Teres: — Weak. Passes between the centre of the Acetabulum and the oval fossa upon the Head of the Femur. It lies outside the synovial membrane. External link...

1541MondinoL_DryanderJ

Fragment from the book Mondino de Luzzi, Dryander J. Anatomia Mundini (1541). An early description of the anatomy and role of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) is presented. The pathogenesis of lameness and soft tissue atrophy in LCF pathology is discussed. For more details, see the commentary in 1541MondinoL_DryanderJ [Rus] . Quote p. 62. [Lat] De anatomia cruris [&] pedis. Postea eleua musculos & chordas &, uide ossa. Et primura est os foemoris supra quod fabricatae sunt spondiles dorsi: & per consequens totum corpus in parte inferiori habet pixidem quondam, in cuius concauitate locata est extremitas rotunda canna coxae, que uocatur uertebrum. Et in medio amborum in parte anteriori est quod dam ligamentum, quod aliomodo porestuocari uertebrum: & quando hoc uel primum resilit foras: tunc niecesse ed hominem claudicare, quia crus hic elongatur & firmari non potest; & totum non bene potest supportari: & necesse eit etiam ut crus tab...

18c.Augsburg

Painting on glass from Augsburg – Jacob wrestling with the angel (18 cent.). Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not prevail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024 АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Author unknown, painting on the reverse of glass from Augsburg – Jacob wrestling with the a...

1873MeyerGH

Professor Georg Hermann von Mayer discovered a pressure mark from the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) on the head of the femur. In the fragment presented to your attention, the author points out that the named depression indicates the tension of the LCF in the position of flexion and external rotation of the hip. This idea of Mayer was later repeatedly cited, see, for example, the work of Hermann Welcker " Ueber das Hüftgelenk, nebst einigen Bemerkungenüber Gelenke überhaupt, insbesondere über das Schultergelenk " (1876). von Meyer GH. Die Statik und Mechanik des menschlichen Knochengerüstes. Edited, Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann; 1873. [fragment] Quote pp. 342-344 Neben der Gelenkkapsel befindet sich in dem Hüftgelenke noch ein eigenthümlicher Bandapparat, das ligamentum teres, über dessen Bedeutung sehr verschiedene Auffassung gefunden wird. Von der einen Seite wird ihm nämlich entschieden ...

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