20th Century

20th Century

Catalog of archived publications of the specified period

1900-1909

1900BetheE Julius Pollux calls LCF «ἰσχίον», and the concept of «ligament» is designated by the term «νεῦρον / νεῦρα».

1902RilkeRM Der Schauende.
1904FickR Fragments of the book summarize the basic information about LCF obtained by the beginning of the 20th century.
1904TestutL Fragments of the book recapitulate the basic information about LCF anatomy obtained by the beginning of the 20th century.

1905BardeenCR The agthor briefly discusses the emergence of the LCF.
1908GrayH Selected fragments of LCF anatomy and illustrations.

1910-1919

1910BrausH The author briefly discusses the pathological changes of the LCF in congenital hip dislocation.

1910FickR Author discusses the function of the LCF. This book is not yet available to us.
1910SuttonHA_DrinkerCK The selected fragments discuss the anatomy and topography of the LCF.
1914JonesFW_MorrisH The chapter of the fifth edition of «Morris's Human Anatomy», describing the anatomy and experiments on the function of the LCF, is provided with many remarkable illustrations.

1916WalmsleyT The author discusses the embryonic development and relationships of the LCF in humans and animals.

1917TrevesF_MackenzieC The author discusses the strength and significance of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and its changes in hip dislocations and dysplasia.

1918GrayH Selected fragments of LCF anatomy and color illustrations.

1920-1929

1920FrazerJES The author describes anatomy, embryology, development, and attachment of the LCF.

1921BrausH The author describes the anatomy, attachment, shape, properties and changes in pathology of the LCF.

1922LeeserI The fragment from the Book of Genesis recounts the journey of the family of Patriarch Jacob from Charan to Canaan (Gen. 31:1 – 33:20). In the provided excerpt of the ancient text, for the first time in history, the injury to the LCF of a man is mentioned (Gen. 32:26,33).
1923PreussJ The author translates the biblical term "גיד" into scientific language as LCF and notes the possibility of its damage in an animal.

1926HeyGrovesEH The author proposes fixation of the femoral head by creating a LCF from the joint capsule during reduction of congenital hip dislocation.
1927HeyGrovesEH The author describes fixation of the femoral head by creating a LCF from the joint capsule during reduction of congenital hip dislocation.
The First Open Reconstruction The first open reconstruction of the LCF was performed in 1926 by Ernest William Hey Groves.

1930-1939

1930PhemisterDB. The author discusses the involvement of the LCF arteries in the blood supply and metaplasia of the femoral head.

1934BökerH The author discusses the attachment, role and movement of the LCF.

1934FrancisETB The author points out that the salamander has two acetabular ligaments, analogous to the LCF.

1934WaldenstromJ The author suggests a connection between damage to the vessels of the LCF and the phenomena of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head during epiphysiolysis.

1940-1949

1943StrayerJrLM The author describes in detail the embryonic development, attachment and structure of the LCF.

1948EpsteinI The editor comments on the words of Rabbi Samuel (Shmuel) in the tractate Hullin of the Babylonian Talmud, explaining the location of the LCF in relation to the joint and its differences from the sciatic nerve.

1950-1959

1953LangA_BalintJ The authors discuss the arterial vessels of the LCF and the blood supply to the femoral head.

1956PelletL. The first endoprosthesis (image) In 1954, Leon L. Pellet proposed the first hip joint endoprosthesis with an analog of the LCF.
1956PelletLL Hip arthroplasty with flexible securing means [invention].
1956SingerCJ Galen writes about the high resiliency and hardness of LCF, and also notes its connective function.
1957SingerC The author discusses the connective function of the LCF, as well as its damage in hip dislocation and pathological transformation.

1960-1969

1965KolleschJ_KudlienF Hegetor and Apollo of Kition write about the connective function and attachment areas of the LCF, and discuss its damage in hip dislocation.

1968TrevorD The author discusses E. Hey Groves's operation for reconstruction of the LCF in the reduction of congenital hip dislocation.

1969DeeR The author discusses the nervous system of the LCF and its role in hip biomechanics.

1970-1979

1974SchwartzDL_HallerJAJr Open anterior hip dislocation with femoral vessel transection in a child [damage to the LCF].

1976CrelinES The author described an experimental study of the role of LCF in stabilizing the hip joint and its significance for the occurrence of congenital hip dislocation.

1978DavidT Prosthetic device for use as a hip joint [invention]

1980-1989

1980WalkerJM The author discusses the embryonic development and size of the LCF in normal and dysplastic hips.

1986SambandanS Traumatic open posterior dislocation of the hip: case report [atrophy of the LCF in a child !?].

1990-1999

1990DudkoGE Method of endoprosthetics of proximal end of femur [invention].

1990PerepichkaVD Endoprosthesis of proximal epimethaphysis of femur bone [invention].

1991FussFK_BacherA New aspects of the morphology and function of the human hip joint ligaments.

1992NeverovVA_ShilnikovVA Method for plastic surgery on the femoral head in applying hip joint endoprosthesis [invention].

1993ArkhipovSV Complete hip joint prosthesis designed by S.V. Arkhipova. Patent RU2089135.

1994(a)ArkhipovSV Unipolar endoprosthesis of hip joint designed. Patent Application №94038343.
1994(b)ArkhipovSV Artificial hip joint designed by S.V. Arkhipov. Application for invention № 94040447.
1996(a)ArkhipovSV Total hip joint prostheses. Application for invention №96110296.
1996(b)ArkhipovSV Total hip joint prostheses. Application for invention №96110298.
1996(c)ArkhipovSV Hip joint prostheses. Application for invention №96110383.
1996(d)ArkhipovSV The endoprosthesis of the femoral head. Application for invention №96118782.
1996(e)ArkhipovSV Hip prosthesis. Application for invention №96118874.
1996(f)ArkhipovSV Hip prosthesis. Application for invention №96119857.
1996(g)ArkhipovSV Hip endoprosthesis. Application for invention №96120312.
1996(h)ArkhipovSV The endoprosthesis of the femoral head. Application for invention №96120500.
1996(i)ArkhipovSV The endoprosthesis of the femoral head. Application for invention №96120542.
1996(j)ArkhipovSV Hip prosthesis. Application for invention №96120703.
1996(k)ArkhipovSV Hip prosthesis. Application for invention №96120828.

1997McCandlissR Coaxial ligamented hip prosthesis [invention].
1996ChenHH_LeeMC The authors investigate the strength of the LCF in avascular necrosis and femoral neck fracture.

1998AlkalayD_MellerI Transarticular tumor invasion via ligamentum teres: A clinical-pathologic study of 12 patients.

1999DennisDA_KomistekRD Method and apparatus for hip prosthesis [invention].

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THE DOCTRINE OF LCF

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LCF in 2026 (July)

LCF in 2026 (July ) (Quotes from articles and books published in July 2026 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris) Çetik, R. M., Bakırcıoğlu, S., Büyükdoğan, K., Çağlar, Ö., Atay, Ö. A., & Atilla, B. (2026). Cam-type femoro-acetabular impingement: Mid-term functional results and joint awareness of arthroscopic, mini-open and surgical dislocation techniques. Acta Medica , 57 (2), 123-131. [i] actamedica.org Khan, M. Y., Khan, R., Shaikh, H., Persaud, N. A., Rama, S., & Khan, Y. (2026). Evolution of Hip Arthroscopy in Modern Orthopedic Practice. Cureus , 18 (6). [ii] cureus.com Sanders, W. J., Ji, X. P., & Jablonski, N. G. (2026). New remains of Stegodon zhaotongensis (Proboscidea, Stegodontidae) from the Late Miocene site of Shuitangba, Yunnan Province, China. Journal of Mammalian Evolution , 33 (3), 33. [iii] link.springer.com Randelli, F. (2026...

1858IvanovAA

Ivanov A.A., Jacob’s Wrestling with God (1849-1858) . Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Jacob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024 АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Alexander Ivanov – Jacob’s Wrestling with God (1849-1858); original in the ekzeget.ru col...

Human LCF intersection

HUMAN LCF INTERSECTION In the south of China, in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, the archaeological Neolithic site of Dingsishan was investigated. Burials of 355 people were found in this place. The authors of the article (2024YeZ_LiFJ) identified 91 skeletons with traces of manipulations with the remains. They are attributed to burials of the Dingsishan III-IV phase, aged 8.0-4.5 thousand years. 13 notches were found on the proximal part of various femurs. « Cutmarks on the femoral head, neck and intertrochanteric line, as well as along the medial linea aspera of the femoral shaft, suggest that soft tissue around the hip, including the iliofemoral ligament and the iliacus and adductor muscles, was severed to disarticulate the joint.» This and other postmortem bone injuries «... suggests that corpse treatment at Dingsishan included disarticulation » (2024YeZ_LiFJ). Figure 4 of the cited article shows the distribution and direction of cutmarks on human skeletons from Dingx...

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911-612bcK2453

Fragment of the text of clay tablet K 2453 (Nineveh; ca. 911-612 BC; maybe 5000-4000 BC). A recommendation for a ritual or magical act may mention the sheep's ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). See our commentary at the link: 911-612bcK2453 [Rus]. Quote [Akk] Clay tablet К 2453 (original source: photo by Ashurbanipal Library Project cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de , text: 1906 ThompsonRC , plate. 12). Translation [Eng] Clay tablet К 2453 (reverse ) 42. (if a man’s leg is affected) SA ÚR UDU.NITÁ ša GÙB teleqqe you take the sinew from the left thigh of a sheep ( original source: 1992RothMT , p. 312). ( original source: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de ) External links Clay tablet; CT 23, pl. 05-14, K 02453 + (P365736). Nineveh (mod. Kuyunjik), Neo-Assyrian period (ca. 911-612 BC). [ cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de , ebl.lmu.de ] Thompson RC. Cuneiform Texts. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum. P...

80-58bcApollonius Citiensis

Fragment from the treatise Apollonius Citiensis Commentary on the Hippocrates’ book On Joints ( Περὶ αρθρων π ραγματεὶα , 80-58 BC). The author notes the possibility of damage to the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) during hip dislocation. See our commentary at the link: 80-58bcApollonius Citiensis [Rus], and 2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV . Quote. [Grc] Περὶ αρθρων π ραγματεὶα . Βιβλιον γ ʹ . (original source: 1965KolleschJ_KudlienF, pp. 86, 88) Translation [Eng] Commentary On Joints ( Commentary on the Hippocrates’ book On Joints). Book 3. If the dislocated and displaced hip could not remain in place, then the physician [Hippocrates] would have clearly indicated the incurability of this case, so that we would not be led astray. Don't those who hold the opposite opinion know about the nature of joints, ligaments and the teachings about these things in general? After all, the physician considered the cause of the mild or, on the contrary, complex displacement and ...

IMAGES AND VIDEOS

IMAGES AND VIDEOS ( Drawings, diagrams, photographs, videos... ) T he Oldest Images of the LCF ( video ) The three oldest images of the ligamentum capitis femoris. 1000Jacob&Archangel. Drawing depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the LCF injury. 1510Leonardo_da_Vinci In the drawing, a uthor depicted the distal fragment of the LCF. 1639BreenberghB. Drawing depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the LCF injury. 1685BidlooG A stretched ligament is shown. 17c.OvensJ. Drawing depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the LCF injury. 17c.PatelP . Drawing depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the LCF injury. 1738LadmiralJ The first illustration and description of the LCF in an infant. 1794LoderJC Image of the hip joint, ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and peripheral part of the acetabular canal. 1827Pax tonJ Visualization of th e LCF through...

Vertebrates

VERTEBRATES According to the molecular clock, a specific method for dating phylogenetic events, vertebrates (Vertebrata) separated from arthropods (Arthropoda) 976±97 Ma (2004HedgesSB_ShoeJL). The latter began to dominate in species diversity with the Cambrian burst of radiation, which occurred 520 Ma (2010EdgecombeGD). This ratio in the fauna of the Earth is still preserved. Approximately 525 Ma, the phylum Chordates separated from the group of bilaterally symmetrical animals (1995ChenJY_ZhouGQ). In turn, the evolution of chordate organisms led to the formation of the first vertebrates at least 500 Ma, from which the jawed mouths 450-400 Ma descended, becoming the ancestors of the placoderms or "armored" fish (Placodermi) (1979 НаумовНП _ КарташевНН ). Sculptural reconstruction of the placoderm Coccosteus from the order Arthrodires, Middle Devonian, 393.3-382.7 Ma ; exposition of the Orlov Paleontological Museum (Moscow); photo by the author. The first cartilaginou...

1176-1178(a)Rambam

Fragments from the book Rambam. Mishneh Torah. Sefer Shofetim, Negative Mitzvot (1176-1178). The treatise Mishneh Torah – legal code, work of Jewish law, its parts Sefer Shofetim (Kings and Wars) and Negative Mitzvot ( Negative Commandments ) was written between about 1176-1178 years in Egypt ( 1sefaria.org , 2sefaria.org ). The author mentions the pathology of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF, גיד) in humans and points out the presence of this structure in animals. See our commentary at the link: 1176-1178(a)Rambam [Rus]. Quote 1. [Heb] Mishneh Torah. Sefer Shofetim, 9.1 (original source: sefaria.org ) Quote 2. [Heb] Mishneh Torah. Negative Mitzvot, 183 (original source: sefaria.org ) Translation Quote 1. [Eng] Mishneh Torah. Laws of Kings and Wars (The Book of Judges ) , 9.1-3 9.1 Adam, the first man, was commanded with six commandments: 1) idolatry, 2) “blessing” (euphemistically) the Name (of G-d), 3) murder, 4) illicit sexual relations, 5) thievery...

1869BigelowHJ

Fragments from the book Bigelow HJ. The mechanism of dislocation and fracture of the hip (1869). The author discusses broken of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in hip dislocations. Quote p. 10 In the spring of 1861, having been led to expose a joint, the luxation of which had been the subject of a lecture, I was agreeably surprised to observe the simple action of the ligament, - a simplicity which subsequent experience has confirmed, and which strikingly explains the phenomena observed in the living subject (1). The dislocated joint alluded to presented on examination the following appearances. 1. Great laceration of the muscles about the joint. 2. The ligamentum teres broken . 3. Laceration of the inner, outer, and lower parts of the capsule. 4. The anterior and upper parts of the capsule uninjured, and presenting a strong fibrous band, fan-shaped and forked. Quote p. 18 FIG. 1. — The Y ligament, showing its inner and outer fasciculi. The form...

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