1956SingerCJ

Fragment from the book Singer CJ (Ed., trans.). On anatomical procedures: De anatomicis administrationibus (1956). Galen writes about the high resiliency and hardness of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), and also notes its connective function. See our commentary at the link: 1956SingerCJ [Rus], and 2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV.

Quote. p. 55.

[Eng]

On anatomical procedures; Book II. Chapter 10.

As with the arm you examined the ligaments of the bones, so now examine those of all the exposed joints and first of the hip. This has one ligament embracing it [capsular ligament], as with all joints. A second, hidden in the depths of the joint [ligamentum teres], ties the head of the femur to the hollow in the hip-bone [acetabulum]. It is so tough that it could be called a 'cartilaginous sinew'. (Transl. by Ch. Singer; original source: 1821KühnCG).

External links

Singer CJ (Ed., trans.). On anatomical procedures: De anatomicis administrationibus. London, New York, Toronto: Published for the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum by Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press, 1956. [archive.org]

Kühn CG. Clavdii Galeni Opera omnia. Editionem cvravit D. Carolvs Gottlob Kühn, professor physiologiae et pathologiae in literarvm vniversitate Lipsiensi pvblicvs ordinarivs etc. Vol. II. Lipsiae: Prostat in officina libraria Car. Cnoblochii, 1821. [archive.org, babel.hathitrust.org]

Arkhipov SV, Prolygina IV. Ancient Textual Sources on Ligamentum Teres: Context and Transmission. MLTJ. 2020;10(3):536-546. [mltj.online , mltj.online(PDF) , r esearchgate.net]

Authors & Affiliations

Charles Joseph Singer (1876-1960) was a British historian of science, technology, and medicine. [wikipedia.org]

Galen (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Galenus, Γαληνός ὁ Περγαμηός, Galenus Pergamenus, Galen of Pergamon; 129–210/217) was a Roman and Greek physician, surgeon, anatomist, and philosopher. [wikipedia.org]

Galen
Engraver Georg Paul Busch (18th cent.);
original in the wikipedia.org collection (CC0 – Public Domain, no changes).

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, anatomy, attachment, synonym, role, properties, Galen

NB! Fair practice / use: copied for the purposes of criticism, review, comment, research and private study in accordance with Copyright Laws of the US: 17 U.S.C. §107; Copyright Law of the EU: Dir. 2001/29/EC, art.5/3a,d; Copyright Law of the RU: ГК РФ ст.1274/1.1-2,7

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ANCIENT MENTIONS

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MEDICAL RECORD. Title and contents

Book manuscript: Arkhipov S.V. Medical Record: The Contribution of a Middle Bronze Age Egyptian Physician to the Book of Genesis. Kyrö : Author’s Edition, 2026. – 312 pp. – 2 tables. – Bibliographical references: 856 entries. Google Books ID: GGKEY:5GXG1LS275N , play.google.com , books.google.com Title, Abstract and Contents CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Dedication [iii] Book Covers and Title [iv] Table of Contents [v] Application [i] ABSTRACT Before you is the final medical record compiled by the author over a professional career as an orthopaedic surgeon. This work outlines information regarding a patient who sustained a hip joint injury in the Middle Bronze Age. The source material is extracted from the Book of Genesis and cross-referenced with facts from history, archaeology, natural science, and medicine past and present. Along the way, it is demonstrated that the protograph was composed in Ancient Egypt during the Second Intermediate P...

MEDICAL RECORD. Notes

Book manuscript: Arkhipov S.V. Medical Record: The Contribution of a Middle Bronze Age Egyptian Physician to the Book of Genesis. Kyrö: Author’s Edition, 2026. – 312 pp. – 2 tables. – Bibliographical references: 856 entries. play.google.com , books.google.com NB! Notes CONTENT [i] Notes [ii] About the Book and Author [iii] Navigation [ iv] Application [i] Notes · Kyrö is an idyllic settlement situated in the upper reaches of the Finnish Aurochs River (the Tarvasjoki). · The bibliographic referencing system has been adapted by the author. In-text citations emphasize the publication date and the senior author, who typically acts as the principal investigator of the research team. The end-of-text references are based on the international APA (American Psychological Association) citation style and are tailored to reduce character count. This approach curtails typesetting costs, limits publication space requirements, and decreases paper and toner consumption during pri...

MEDICAL RECORD. Chapter 1

Book manuscript: Arkhipov S.V. Medical Record: The Contribution of a Middle Bronze Age Egyptian Physician to the Book of Genesis. Kyrö: Author’s Edition, 2026. – 312 pp. – 2 tables. – Bibliographical references: 856 entries. play.google.com , books.google.com Introduction Chapter 1 Preamble to the Medical Record CONTENT [i] Text [ii] Navigation [iii] Application [i] Text A unique feature of the Book of Genesis is the abundance of information regarding human physiology and ancient medicine. A striking example is the detailed description in the 32nd chapter of a hip joint injury and its consequences. This knowledge, seamlessly woven into the narrative, is as old as the literary monument itself. How long ago it was composed remains not definitively known, but according to the currently dominant view, it dates back to the late 6th or 5th century BCE (2017OliverS). With the intention of clarifying the aforementioned question and for dating the natural-scientific facts con...

MYTHS AND MISCONCEPTIONS

MYTHS AND MISCONCEPTIONS ( Erroneous and folkloric beliefs, folk and traditional stories...) LCF in English Bibles The first written mention of the LCF in humans is found in the ancient Hebrew book – Bereshit (Genesis). In English translations of the Bible, LCF is denoted by various terms, often not explicitly referring to the «ligament». The Shortest Comments on Genesis, Chap. XXXII-XXXIII In the selected excerpt, the symptoms, mechanism, and differential diagnostic test for the injury to LCF are provided, along with details about the circumstances, time, and place of the biblical trauma. 1609-1583bcProtoBereshit Hypothesis: in the work of fiction, an unknown physician-encyclopedist for the first time pointed out damage to the LCF as a cause of gait disturbance. 922-722bcElohist A variant of the oldest description of damage to the LCF and the cause of lameness in Hebrew, dating from 922-722 BC. 8cent.bcHomer The...

MEDICAL RECORD. Chapter 9

Book manuscript: Arkhipov S.V. Medical Record: The Contribution of a Middle Bronze Age Egyptian Physician to the Book o f Genesis. Kyrö: Author’s Edition, 2026. – 312 pp. – 2 tables. – Bibliographical references: 856 entries. play.google.com , books.google.com Life History Chapter 9 Epidemiological and Sanitary-Hygienic HISTORY CONTENT [i] Epidemiological History [ii] Sanitary-Hygienic History [iii] Navigation [ iv] Application [i] Epidemiological History In general, Jacob's epidemiological history should be characterized as "unremarkable". No mass infection or deaths are described in his immediate environment. Our attention was drawn only to the account of the consecutive deaths of two young men. First, Jacob's grandson Er, the firstborn son of Judah, died (Gen. 38:6–7). Shortly thereafter, the younger brother of the deceased, Onan, passed away (Gen. 38:8, 10). No symptoms of disease are indicated for the deceased, nor is there any information r...

Human Children. Retelling of Chapter 5

Short retelling of chapter 5 of the essay: Arkhipov S.V. Human Children: The Origins of Biblical Legends from a Physician's Perspective. Joensuu: Author's Edition, 2025. [In Russian] Chapter 5. ADAM AND EVE The Book of Genesis narrates the story of a tribe founded by Adam and Eve, described as the "mother of all living." From a genetic perspective, they are depicted as siblings, with an age difference of 18–25 years. According to the biblical epic, they formed humanity’s first family, sustaining themselves on pre-existing fruits and seeds. Their initial home was the "garden in Eden," located "in the east" relative to the narrator. The text identifies geographic markers for Eden’s location: lands like "Asshur," "Cush," and "Havilah," and rivers named "Pishon," "Gihon," "Hiddekel," and "Phrath." The narrator also notes the region’s economic value, mentioning "gold," ...

18c.JoubertJ

Joubert J, painting – Jacob's struggle with God in the form of an angel (17-18th cent.). Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Jean Joubert – Jacob's struggle with God in the form of an angel (17-18th ce...

LCF in 2025 (May)

LCF in 2025 (May): Quotes from articles and books published in May 2025 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris. Teytelbaum, D. E., Bijanki, V., Samuel, S. P., Silva, S., Israel, H., & van Bosse, H. J. Does Open Reduction of Arthrogrypotic Hips Cause Stiffness?. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics , 10-1097. DOI: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000002940 [i] journals.lww.com SANTORI, N., & TECCE, S. M. (2025). FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN ARTHROSCOPY FOR HIP TRAUMA. Advancements of Hip Arthroscopy in Trauma , 136-143. [ii] books.google RANDELLI, F. (2025). ARTHROSCOPIC FREE-BODY REMOVAL AFTER DISLOCATION OR AFTER BULLET/BOMB. Advancements of Hip Arthroscopy in Trauma , 1-11. [iii] books.google APRATO, A. (2025). ARTHROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES FOR FEMORAL HEAD FRACTURE REDUCTION AND FIXATION. Advancements of Hip Arthroscopy in Trauma , 38. [iv] books.google Brinkman, J. C., & Hartigan, D. E. (2025). Indications f...

MEDICAL RECORD. Chapter 2

Book manuscript: Arkhipov S.V. Medical Record: The Contribution of a Middle Bronze Age Egyptian Physician to the Book of Genesis. Kyrö: Author’s Edition, 2026. – 312 pp. – 2 tables. – Bibliographical references: 856 entries. play.google.com , books.google.com Introduction Chapter 2 Chronology of the Medical Record CONTENT [i] Text [ii] Navigation [iii] Application [i] Text When reading the Book of Genesis , we learn that the first recorded patient with an injury to the ligament of the head of femur was a man named Ya'akov (Gen. 32:25, 33). In adapted usage, the name is rendered as Jacob. According to the narrative, he was born near the well of Beer-Lahai-Roi, between Kadesh and Bered in the Negev Desert, which is in the south of the "Canaanite" land (Gen. 16:14, 23:19, 24:62). As is clear from the text, the "Canaanite land" is the western part of the current State of Israel, excluding the vicinity of the Jordan River (Gen. 13:11–12). Jacob's father ...

MEDICAL RECORD. Chapter 13

Book manuscript: Arkhipov S.V. Medical Record: The Contribution of a Middle Bronze Age Egyptian Physician to the Book of Genesis. Kyrö: Author’s Edition, 2026. – 312 pp. – 2 tables. – Bibliographical references: 856 entries. play.google.com , books.google.com History of Present Illness Chapter 13 CHRONOLOGY OF THE EXODUS FROM HARAN CONTENT [i] Basis for Dating [ii] Speed and Mode of Transportation [iii] First Stage of the Journey [ iv] Second Stage of the Journey [v] Third Stage of the Journey [vi] Fourth Stage of the Journey [vii] Navigation [viii] Application [i] Basis for Dating In our opinion, the physician who examined the prototype of Jacob did not argue or attempt to persuade him otherwise upon hearing the account of the injury's circumstances. Through his questioning, he helped the patient independently comprehend what had transpired. In parallel, he himself came to understand the cause-and-effect relationships governing the development of the pathological...

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