ABOUT ROUND LIGAMENT OF FEMUR (ligament of head of femur)

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NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE

NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE: Evidence from 8,000 to 2,000 years BCE.

Catalog of evidence for the specified period:

Chinchorro Mummies The practice of embalming and disarticulations in South America 5050-1720 years BCE.
Human LCF intersection Probably the first postmortem intersection of the human LCF 8000-4500 years ago.
Hip disarticulation of the human Postmortem surgery with intersection of the LCF in humans 15-12.5 thousand years ago.
Australian Aborigines Anatomical drawings of the indigenous people of Australia created 24-5 thousand years ago.
2000-1600bcBM29663 In the list of body parts of a sheep, the author indicates LCF.
1650-1550bcImhotep the Younger Hypothesis: in the work of fiction, an unknown physician-encyclopedist for the first time pointed out damage to the LCF as a cause of gait disturbance.
1609-1583bcProtoBereshit Hypothesis: in the work of fiction, an unknown physician-encyclopedist for the first time pointed out damage to the LCF as a cause of gait disturbance.
The Shortest Comments on Genesis, Chap. XXXII-XXXIII In the selected excerpt, the symptoms, mechanism, and differential diagnostic test for the injury to LCF are provided, along with details about the circumstances, time, and place of the biblical trauma.

«Ancient Egyptian library»
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«Mesopotamian library»
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THE DOCTRINE OF LCF

CHINCHORRO MUMMIES Ancient people obtained information about their morphology by palpation, examining defects in the skin, studying torn bodies, and embalming. The most venerable mummified remains of Homo sapiens, dating back to 8475-7448 BCE, were discovered in Chile near the city of Arica (2001DoubravaMR). The oldest embalmed body from this region is 7900±180 years old (1984AllisonMJ_LowensteinJM). Here the Chinchorro people developed their own system of making human mummies and practiced it in 5050-1720 BCE (1995ArriazaBT). The mummification demonstrates the «exceptional knowledge of anatomy» of this South American people (2003ArriazaBT). In preparing their tribesmen for burial, hunter-gatherers resorted to complex methods: they removed organs, performed craniotomies and disarticulations, resected bones, then correctly reassembled them into a single skeleton, and sutured the skin (1984AllisonMJ_LowensteinJM; 2004SepúlvedaM_WalterP). From 1984AllisonMJ_LowensteinJM: Fig. 1...

Hip disarticulation of the human

Hip disarticulation of the human Hip disarticulation of the human. Postmortem surgery with transection of the LCF in humans 15-12.5 thousand years ago. Presumably, the first postmortem arthrotomy of the hip joint with disarticulation was performed in Morocco 15.000-12.500 years ago. This is confirmed by multiple cuts on the femoral neck of a man from the burial of Taf V-18 ( Taforalt Iberomaurusian necropolis ). «T he cuts on the femoral neck were produced by severing the ligaments of the articular capsula in order to disarticulate the bone from the pelvis. There are no pelvic bones in the grave.» ( 2016MariottiV_CondemiS:Fig.2 ). We counted more than a dozen longitudinal, fairly deep cuts in the middle part of the femoral neck. Their length varies from about two to ten millimeters and occupies a surface of 1 cm along the length of the femoral neck and 2 cm in width. The mentioned cuts on the cortical plate and the absence of pelvic bones in the burial are evidence of the disarti...

Human LCF intersection

HUMAN LCF INTERSECTION In the south of China, in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, the archaeological Neolithic site of Dingsishan was investigated. Burials of 355 people were found in this place. The authors of the article (2024YeZ_LiFJ) identified 91 skeletons with traces of manipulations with the remains. They are attributed to burials of the Dingsishan III-IV phase, aged 8.0-4.5 thousand years. 13 notches were found on the proximal part of various femurs. « Cutmarks on the femoral head, neck and intertrochanteric line, as well as along the medial linea aspera of the femoral shaft, suggest that soft tissue around the hip, including the iliofemoral ligament and the iliacus and adductor muscles, was severed to disarticulate the joint.» This and other postmortem bone injuries «... suggests that corpse treatment at Dingsishan included disarticulation » (2024YeZ_LiFJ). Figure 4 of the cited article shows the distribution and direction of cutmarks on human skeletons from Dingx...

Australian Aborigines

AUSTRALIAN ABORIGENES The first cuneiform texts appeared at the dawn of the Sumerian civilization in the period between 3500-3100 BCE. Due to the fact that before this interval there was no writing, an older text mentioning ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) will never be found. Perhaps a drawing or pictogram of it will be found on a stone. Our assumption is inspired by the study of the rock art of the Australian Aborigines in the style of «X-ray art». Ancient artists, depicting animals and people, often drew bones, internal and external organs, and also designated joints. The minimum age of the early X-ray painting on the western Arnhem Land Escarpment in northern Australia is 5068-6636 years (2017JonesT_WesleyD). Here, in the area of the Burrungui (Nourlangie) and Madjedbebe (Malakunanja II) shelters, rich in rock art, human settlements existed 24-20 Kya (2017MaySK_SanzID). Modern comprehensive analysis indicates the beginning of the settlement of Australia and the territory near...

1672GengaB

The author reports for the first time a case of absence of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in both hip joints. In the book in Italian, this structure is named "Legamento rotondo". It is noteworthy that according to Bernardino Genga: "…this ligament is the strongest, supporting not only the femur but the entire body." The preliminary translation was done in collaboration with ChatGPT 3.5. Genga B. Anatomia chirurgica cioe Istoria anatomica dell'ossa, e muscoli del corpo humano, con la descrittione de vasi piu riguardeuoli che scorrono per le parti esterne, & un breue trattato del moto, che chiamano circolatione del sangue di Bernardino Genga da Mondolfo. Roma: per Nicolò Angelo Tinassi, 1672. Quote pp. 143-144 Offo Ifchio. Legamento rotondo dell’ Ischio, e Femore mancato. Il terzo finalmente è l' Offo Ifchio, da' Latini of chiamato Os Coxendicis, da Celso Coxa, nel quale Ischio offi offer...

1783BonnA

The author provides a description of cases of absence of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and the fossa of the femoral head. Analy zing observations made by Andreas Bonn, we understand that the absence of LCF is associated with severe pathology of the hip joints, presumably congenital. Thus, the observations are not a variant of the norm. To denote the LCF, the author used the terms: ligamentum teres, tereti ligamento, and ligamentorum teretium . This work was cited by subsequent researchers of LCF: 1820PallettaGB , 1841StanleyE . Bonn A. Descriptio thesauri ossium morbosorum Hoviani: adnexa est dissertatio de callo. Amsterdami: Apud J.C. Sepp, 1783. [fragments] Quote p p . 20-21 Femur finiftrum (XLIII.), huic coxæ refpondens, caput habet depresfum et complanatum, parte fuperiore et exteriore, qua libere intra novam fpuriamque articuli capfam movebatur, tuberofum, cartilagine tenui obductum; parte inferior...

1820PallettaGB

The author extensively describes the topography, structure, and blood supply of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). Presumably, it is in this work that the opinion was first expressed that the LCF serves as a conductor and protector of blood vessels. However, Giovanni Battista Palletta does not exclude that the LCF to some extent restrains abnormal movements of the femoral head. Noteworthy is the abundance of synonyms used to denote LCF in Latin: interiori ligamento, interiori vinculo, ligamenti interioris, ligamenti teretis, ligamento interiore, ligamento terete, ligamentum interius, ligamentum suspensorium femoris, ligamentum teres, medii ligament, teres ligamentum, teretis ligament, teretis vinculi, vinculi teretis, vinculum teres. Several synonyms have added to our collection, which now comprises about eight dozen terms. Additionally, in a work written over 200 years ago, there are at least two imp ortant hints for modern surgeons. Their implementation could significantly c...