Skip to main content

1672GengaB

 

The author reports for the first time a case of absence of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in both hip joints. In the book in Italian, this structure is named "Legamento rotondo". It is noteworthy that according to Bernardino Genga: "…this ligament is the strongest, supporting not only the femur but the entire body."

The preliminary translation was done in collaboration with ChatGPT 3.5.  


Genga B. Anatomia chirurgica cioe Istoria anatomica dell'ossa, e muscoli del corpo humano, con la descrittione de vasi piu riguardeuoli che scorrono per le parti esterne, & un breue trattato del moto, che chiamano circolatione del sangue di Bernardino Genga da Mondolfo. Roma: per Nicolò Angelo Tinassi, 1672.

Quote pp. 143-144

Offo Ifchio. Legamento rotondo dell’ Ischio, e Femore mancato.

Il terzo finalmente è l' Offo Ifchio, da' Latini of chiamato Os Coxendicis, da Celso Coxa, nel quale Ischio offi offerva quell' acetabolo maggiore d' ogni altro, dove fi riceve il Capo del Femore, il qual' Acetabolo negl' Infanti fi riconosce manifeftamente non effer folo dell' Offo Ifchio, ma formato da tutte tre le fuddette Offa. Intorno a quefto acetabolo vi è un Sopracciglio, o Lembo cartilaginoso, che rende la cavità più profonda, la quale internamente è incroftata di Cartilagine, e nel fondo ha un feno, dal quale nafce un legamento rotondo, che ferve ad alligare il Capo del Femore, e rendere più ftabile l'articolazione, la quale fi fa per Enarthrofin: oltre al detto legamento v' è un' altro legamento membranofo affai groffo, e robufto, il quale abbraccia tanto la parte fuperiore del Femore, quanto l'eftremità dell' acetabolo fuddetto.

 

Ischium. Collapsed round ligament of the ischium and femur.

Finally, the third is the ischium, which the Latins called Os Coxendicis, and Celsus – Coxa, in which the ischium has a large acetabulum, larger than any other [socket], where the head of the femur is located, the acetabulum in infants, apparently, it is not only formed by the ischium, but is formed by all three of these bones. Around this acetabulum there is a brow or cartilaginous growth that makes the socket deeper, which is covered inside with cartilage, and at the bottom there is a depression from which comes the round ligament, which serves to attach the head of the femur and makes the joint more stable, which is enarthrosis; in addition to the aforementioned ligament, there is another membranous ligament, quite thick and strong, which embraces both the upper part of the femur and the edges of the acetabulum.

Quote pp. 144-145

L'Autore ristrovo, mancare il Legamento rotondo.

Nell' Anno 1662. facendo io pubblicamente la diffecazione de' Mufcoli del Femore, tagliai quefto legamento membranofo, per dimoftrare tal' care Articolazione, e m'occorfe (cafo veramente maraviglioso, nè mai, ch' io fappia, rincontrato da altri) che mancava il fuddetto Legamento rotondo, fenza che tanto nella cavità fuddetta, quanto nel capo del Femore vi foffero quei feni, che naturalmente in tutti fi offervano, ne' quali ftà aderente il detto Legamento. Furono alcuni, che fubito difsero, poter' essere ftata quefta mancanza caufata da lufsazione, che antecedentemente poteva aver patita il Paziente, per la quale efsendofi rotto il detto Legamento, a poco a poco dovevafi efser confumato. Non diedi rifpofta alcuna, come poteva, con dire, che la lufsazione perfetta del Femore, maffime con difcoprimento di tal Legamento, farebbe ftata affolutamente incurabile, quando quefti beniffimo camminava: ed in che modo potevano mancare i Seni? ma, essendo l'altra parte del Cadavere infepolta, alla prefenza delli medefimi Aftanti tagliai l'altro Femore, e ritrovai il medefimo. Lettore, fo, che ti fembrarà ftrano il preftar fede a queft' Iftoria, tanto più, fe bene confideri, che quefto legamento è il più robufto, che non folo foftenga il Femore, ma con efso tutto il Corpo e confidera però, che io dico, efsermi accaduto in pubblico, e molti vi fono, che se ne ricordano. E' ben vero, che l'altro Legamento era afsai duro, grosso, e robufto, che poteva fupplire alla mancanza del rotondo.

The author discovered the absence of the round ligament.

In 1662, when I publicly dissected the muscles of the thigh, I cut this membranous ligament to exhibit this joint, and it happened to me (a truly astonishing case, which has never, so far as I know, occurred in others) that there was no round ligament, although in the said cavity and in the head of the femur there were those sinuses which are naturally present in all, and to which this ligament is attached. Some immediately suggested that this absence could have been caused by a dislocation that the patient may have experienced earlier, causing the ligament to gradually dissolve after tearing. I didn't give any response, as I could, saying that a complete dislocation of the femur, especially with the discovery of such a ligament, would have been absolutely incurable when the patient was moving so well; and how could the sinuses disappear? But, since the other part of the body was untouched, in the presence of the same witnesses, I cut the other thigh and found the same thing. Reader, I understand that it may seem strange to you to believe this story, especially if you consider that this ligament is the strongest, supporting not only the femur but the entire body, but consider that I say it happened publicly, and many remember it. Indeed, the other ligament was strong, thick, and robust enough to compensate for the absence of the round one.





External links

Genga B. Anatomia chirurgica cioe Istoria anatomica dell'ossa, e muscoli del corpo humano, con la descrittione de vasi piu riguardeuoli che scorrono per le parti esterne, & un breue trattato del moto, che chiamano circolatione del sangue di Bernardino Genga da Mondolfo. Roma: per Nicolò Angelo Tinassi, 1672. [archive.org]

Genga B. In Hippocratis Aphorismos ad chirurgiam spectantes. Commentaria eminentissimo, ac reuerendissimo principi Francisco Mariae cardinali Medices dicata a Bernardino Genga de Mondulpho status Urbini ... Latino, ac Italico idiomate ad communiorem intelligentiam exarata. Romae: typis Reu. Cam. Apost. 1694. [archive.org]

Authors & Affiliations 

Bernardino Genga (1620-1690) was a scholar of Classical medical texts, anatomist and surgeon in Rome. [wikipedia.org]

Bernardino Genga
Engraving by Carlo J. Allet based on a drawing by Guil. Sarrabat;
 original in the 1694GengaB (CC0 – Public Domain, no change)

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, role, synonyms, absence, observation, strength

                                                                    .

NB! Fair practice / use: copied for the purposes of criticism, review, comment, research and private study in accordance with Copyright Laws of the US: 17 U.S.C. §107; Copyright Law of the EU: Dir. 2001/29/EC, art.5/3a,d; Copyright Law of the RU: ГК РФ ст.1274/1.1-2,7


BLOG CONTENT

EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

2025ArkhipovSV. Why Acetabular Labrum Repair May Be Ineffective

  Original in Russian is available at the link:   С.В. Архипова «Почему восстановление вертлужной губы может быть неэффективно?» (06.04.2025) , below is a machine translation edited by a non-native speaker (version dated 06/04/2025). Thematic Internet Journal About round ligament of femur April 2025 WHY ACETABULAR LABRUM REPAIR MAY BE INEFFECTIVE?: A NOTE ON THE MYSTERIOUS "DARK MATTER" OF THE HIP JOINT S.V. Arkhipov, Independent Researcher, Joensuu, Finland Abstract Acetabular labrum repair and reconstruction do not prevent hip joint instability during gait and the development of osteoarthritis in the case of an elongated ligamentum capitis femoris. This conclusion is based on mathematical calculations and analysis of experiments conducted on a mechanical hip joint model. Keywords : arthroscopy, hip joint, acetabular labrum, ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur , reconstruction, repair Introduction Nearly 80% of primary hip ar...

ChatGPT. Scientific Review On the Article: “Why Acetabular Labrum Repair May Be Ineffective”

  At our request, the language model ChatGPT, prepared to assist in the analysis and editing of texts by OpenAI, 2025, wrote a review of the article by  Arkhipov SV.   Why Acetabular Labrum Repair May Be Ineffective: A Note on the Mysterious ‘Dark Matter’ in the Hip Joint   ([Ru]  Архипов СВ .  Почему восстановление вертлужной губы может быть неэффективно?: Заметка о таинственной «темной материи» в тазобедренном суставе.  06.04.2025 ).  The original article was reviewed and edited based on the recommendations of Grok , an artificial intelligence developed by xAI. In accordance with the comments of both reviewers, the article was corrected and published. Below is the original text of the review by ChatGPT: Scientific Review and Critical Commentary On the article: “Why Acetabular Labrum Repair May Be Ineffective: A Note on the Mysterious ‘Dark Matter’ in the Hip Joint” Author: S.V. Arkhipov, Independent Researcher, Joensuu, Finland I. Scientific...

Grok. Review of the Article by S.V. Arkhipov "Why Restoration of the Acetabular Labrum May Be Ineffective?".

  At our request, Grok, artificial intelligence developed by xAI, wrote a review of the article by Arkhipov SV. Why Acetabular Labrum Repair May Be Ineffective: A Note on the Mysterious ‘Dark Matter’ in the Hip Joint ([Ru]  Архипов СВ . Почему восстановление вертлужной губы может быть неэффективно?: Заметка о таинственной «темной материи» в тазобедренном суставе. 06.04.2025 ). In accordance with the comments, the article was revised and sent for re-review to the ChatGPT language model prepared to assist in the analysis and editing of texts (OpenAI, 2025).  Below is the original text of the review by Grok: Review of the Article by S.V. Arkhipov "Why Restoration of the Acetabular Labrum May Be Ineffective?: A Note on the Mysterious 'Dark Matter' of the Hip Joint". This review focuses on the analysis of argumentation, as requested. The author asserts that restoration of the acetabular labrum fails to prevent hip joint instability and osteoarthritis when the ligame...

BLOG CONTENT

  T he ligament of the head of femur or ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) is the key to a graceful gait and understanding the causes of hip joint diseases. We present promising scientific knowledge necessary for preserving health,  to create new implants and techniques  of treating degenerative  pathology and damage of the hip joint. Project objective : preserving a normal gait and quality of life, helping to study of hip joint biomechanics, developing effective treatments for its diseases and injuries. In translating to English, the author is assisted by ChatGPT (version 3.5)  and the Google Translate service .  We're sorry for any flaws in the syntax. The meaning makes up for the imperfections!     TABLES OF CONTENTS      ANCIENT MENTIONS  (Early literary evidence and early authors... ) 976-1115Theophilus Protospatharius  The author writes about the  normal anatomy of the LCF and its connective function. 10...

2025ArkhipovSV. Human Children

  The monograph  Arkhipov S.V. Human Children: The Origins of Biblical Legends from a Physician's Perspective. An essay with references to interactive materials. 2nd revised and expanded edition. Joensuu: Author's Edition, 2025. [In Russian].  The monograph dates the writing of the Book of Genesis and the events depicted in it, as well as refutes the authorship of Moses. I offer mutually beneficial cooperation (50/50) in literary translation into English or native language. Proofreading of machine translation and cooperation in editing are expected.  Requirements for co-author: 1. Native speaker 2. Experience as a writer. E-mail: archipovsv(&)gmail.com Annotation The first version of the Book of Genesis appeared in Ancient Egypt approximately 3,600 years ago, during the Hyksos period. The work was conceived as a fairy tale epic. An unknown physician-encyclopedist, who is also presumed to have authored the Edwin Smith Papyrus, played a role in its composition...

922-722bcElohist

  Excerpt from the book of Bereishit (Genesis), the lost biblical source Elohist, written in Paleo-Hebrew script. A variant of the oldest description of damage to the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and the cause of lameness in Hebrew, dating from 922-722 BCE. See our commentary at the link: 922-722bcElohist [Rus]. Quote [ Paleo-Hebrew ] Elohist. Bereshit 32:32-33 (original source: 5784 Moshe Ben Amram, p. 41;  our correction) Translation [Eng] Elohist. Bereshit 32:32-33 and the sun riseth on him when he hath passed over Penuel, and he is halting on his thigh; therefore the sons of Israel do not eat the sinew which shrank, which is on the hollow of the thigh, unto this day, because He came against the hollow of Jacob's thigh, against the sinew which shrank.  (our correction-reconstruction of the version 1898 YoungR ( p. 23, Bereishit 32:32-33); preserved the text of the age of 922-722 BC belonging to the lost biblical source "Elohist") Moshe Ben Amram. Pentateuch in P...

Pathological Changes of LCF

  Version : 20240419 RESULT OF PATHOLOGICAL CHANGE OF LCF 1. Absence of detectable changes 2. Elongation 3. Shortening 4. Thinning (hypotrophy) 5. Thickening (hypertrophy) 6. Disappearance 7. Impingement (within the joint space) 8. Compression (in the fossa of the acetabulum) 9. Marginal defect 10. Distally detached fragment 11. Proximally detached fragment 12. Two-fragments injury (in the midsection) 13. Avulsion-fracture of the distal end 14. Avulsion-fracture of the proximal end 15. Subsynovial avulsion of the distal end 16. Subsynovial avulsion of the proximal end 17. Synovial sheath 18. Partial distal end detachment 19. Partial proximal end detachment 20. Partial subsynovial injury 21. Complete subsynovial injury 22. Combination of pathological changes   PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF LCF 1. Edema 2. Dystrophic change in the stroma 3. Total dystrophic change 4. Metaplasia 5. Sclerosis 6. Hyalinosis 7. Fibrosis ...

1801BellJ

  Selected fragments of the book Bell J. The Principles of Surgery (1801). The author discusses hip injuries and the mechanism of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury. Bell's drawing and reasoning probably led 1823GerdyPN  to consider the role of LCF tension in hip dislocation.   Quote pp. 523-524 The acetabulum or socket for the thigh bone is formed in the centre of the greatest and firmest bone of the pelvis, named os innominatum, from its irregular shape. It is in the adult the largest and firmest bone of the pelvis, but in the child it is formed of three distinct bones, the Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis. These are joined by an intermediate cartilage, and are easily separated into distinct bones. At an early age this cartilage is prominent, and somewhat of a triangular form. The cartilage is ossified in the adult, and it being ossified, becomes more prominent, and makes a high triangular projection in the centre of the socket; this prominence gives a firmer connexio...

Load on LCF

  Version : 20240419 Magnitude of LCF Load 1. Optimally loaded 2. Partially loaded 3. Unloaded 4. Excessively loaded (overloaded)   Reasons for Increased Load on LCF 1. Increase in effective body weight 2. Decrease in the lever arm of the abductor muscle group 3. Decrease in the strength of the abductor muscle group 4. Increase in the lever arm of body weight 5. The presence of a dynamic component (walking, running, jumping)   Reasons for Decreased Load on LCF 1. Decrease in body weight 2. Increase in the lever arm of the abductor muscle group 3. Increase in the strength of the abductor muscle group 4. Decrease in the lever arm of body weight 5. Absence of dynamic component (walking, running, jumping)   Keywords: ligamentum capitis femoris, ligament of head of femur , round ligament, ligamentum teres, classification, functions, dysfunction, l oad                       ...

1876BonnatL

  Bonnat L., etude Jacob wrestling with the angel (1876).   Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis:  25 And Jacob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank.  ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work:  Ninth month, eleventh day   ( 2024 АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ).     Léon Bonnat  – Jacob Wrestling with the Angel (1876); original in the  wikimedia.org   col...