The primary source for translating the Bible into English is the Hebrew
literary monument Torah. In its first part, the Book of Bereshit (32:33), there is a mention of ligamentum capitis femoris
(LCF), which in Hebrew is called «גיד» (gheed, gid) (1923,
2004PreussJ; 2019ArkhipovSV_SkvortsovDV; 2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV). Probably
one of the earliest written translations of the Bible into Old English was made
by Ælfric of Eynsham, who worked approximately between 955–1010 CE (1050Aelfric’s).
In Aelfric's Anglo-Saxon Paraphrase, the Hebrew concept of «גיד» [gheed], that is, LCF, is mentioned twice in the
25th and 32nd verses of the XXXII Chapter of the Book of Genesis and is called «sine»
(Figure 1, 2). In Middle English, translators Nicholas of Hereford and John
Wycliffe named LCF as «synwe», and in John Purvey's Bible edition - «senewe» (1850ForshallJ_MaddenF).
In Bibles in Early Modern English, LCF is designated as «senow» and «senowe» (1530TyndaleW;
1535CoverdaleM; 1537RogersJ; 1539TavernerR). In the King James Bible (1611),
also in Early Modern English, LCF is called «sinewe» (1611The Hole Bible). In
Modern English, LCF in Chapter XXXII of the Book of Genesis is labeled as
«sinew», «tendon», «nerve», «muscle», «meat», «vein», sometimes specified as
«sciatic nerve», «sciatic muscle», «thigh muscle», «thigh vein», «hip muscle».
 |
Figure 1. Aelfric's Anglo-Saxon Paraphrase, Book of Genesis, verses 25 and 32 (Old English); mention of LCF (1050Aelfric’s)
 |
Figure 2. Aelfric's Anglo-Saxon Paraphrase, Book of Genesis, verses 25 and 32 in modern orthography; mention of LCF (1871Aelgric_GreinCWM)
In our opinion, the varied understanding of the original term «gheed»
serves as a peculiar illustration of the insufficiently studied nature of LCF.
Below we provide quotes from selected English versions of the book of
Genesis with mention of LCF (for study and comparison):
John Wyclif's Bible (1395)
25 And whanne the man seiy
that he miyte not ouercome Jacob, he touchide the senewe of Jacobis hipe, and
it driede anoon.
32 For which cause the sones of Israel eten not `til in to present day the senewe, that driede in the hipe of Jacob; for the man touchide the senewe of Jacobs hipe, and it driede. [1395Wyclif's Bible, Genesis 32:25,32; 1425Wycliffe]
Note: English variant -
Middle English; Date – 1388; Sourse - Latin Vulgate.
Translated by W. Tyndale (1530)
25 And when he sawe that he coude
not prevayle agaynst him / he smote hi vnder the thye / and the senowe of
Jacobs thy shranke as he wrastled with him.
32 wherfore the childern of
Israell eate not of the senow that shrancke vnder the thye / vnto this daye:
because that he smote Jacob vnder the thye in the senow that shroncke. [1530TyndaleW,
Genesis 32:25,32]
Geneva Bible (1560)
32 Therefore the children of
Israel eate not of the sinewe that shranke in the hollowe of the thigh, vnto
this day: because he touched the sinew that shranke in the holow of Iaakobs
thigh. [GNV, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Early
Modern English; Date – 1557 (NT), 1560 (complete Bible); Sourse - Masoretic
Text, Textus Receptus.
King James Version (1611)
32 Therefore the children of
Israel eate not of the sinewe which shranke, which is upon the hollow of the
thigh, unto this day: because hee touched the hollow of Jacobs thigh in the
sinewe that shranke. [1611The Hole Bible, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Early
Modern English; Date – 1611; Sourse - Masoretic Text, Textus Receptus.
King James Version (new ed.)
32 Therefore the children of
Israel eat not of the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the
thigh, unto this day: because he touched the hollow of Jacob's thigh in the
sinew that shrank. [KJV,Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Early
Modern English; Date – 1611, 1769; Sourse - Masoretic Text, Textus Receptus,
Tyndale 1526 NT, some Erasmus manuscripts, and Bezae 1598 TR.
Douay-Rheims Challoner Revision (1752)
25 And when he saw that he
could not overcome him, he touched the sinew of his thigh, and forthwith it
shrank.
32 Therefore the children of
Israel, unto this day, eat not the sinew, that shrank in Jacob's thigh: because
he touched the sinew of his thigh and it shrank. [DRC1752, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Early
Modern English; Date – 1752; Sourse - Clementine Vulgate.
Translated by W. Tyndale (1884)
25 And when he sawe that he
coude not prevayle agaynst him, he smote hi vnder the thye, and the senowe of
Jacobs they shranke as he wrastled with him.
32 wherefore the childern of
Israell eate not of the senow that shrancke vnder the thye, vnto this daye:
because that he smote Jacob vnder the thye in the senow that shroncke.
(1884TyndaleW, Genesis 32:25,32)
Note: English variant - Early
Modern English; Date – 1884 ed.
Revised Version (1885)
32 Therefore the children of
Israel eat not the sinew of the hip which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto
this day: because he touched the hollow of Jacob's thigh in the sinew of the
hip. [RV1885, Genesis 32:32]
Note 1. The Revised Version (RV) of the Bible was the only officially authorised revision of the King James Version (KJV), also called the Authorised Version (AV).
Note 2. English variant – Modern
English; Date – 1885; Sourse - ?
Darby's Translation (1890)
32 Therefore the children of
Israel do not eat of the sinew that is over the joint of the thigh, to this
day; because he touched the joint of Jacob's thigh — the sinew. [DARBY, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern
English; Date – 1890; Sourse - Masoretic Text, various critical editions of the
Greek text (i.a. Tregelles, Tischendorf, Westcott and Hort).
Revised Version with Apocrypha (1895)
32 Therefore the children of
Israel eat not the sinew of the hip which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto
this day: because he touched the hollow of Jacob's thigh in the sinew of the
hip. [RV1895, Genesis 32:32]
Young's Literal Translation (1898)
32 therefore the sons of
Israel do not eat the sinew which shrank, which [is] on the hollow of the
thigh, unto this day, because He came against the hollow of Jacob's thigh,
against the sinew which shrank. [YLT98, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 1862; Sourse - Masoretic Text.
American Standard Version
32 Therefore the children of
Israel eat not the sinew of the hip which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto
this day: because he touched the hollow of Jacob’s thigh in the sinew of the
hip. [ASV, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern
English; Date – 1901; Sourse - Masoretic Text, Westcott and Hort 1881 and
Tregelles 1857.
Revised Standard Version
32 Therefore to this day the
Israelites do not eat the sinew of the hip which is upon the hollow of the
thigh, because he touched the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew of the hip. [RSV, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern
English; Date – 1946 (New Testament), 1952 (Complete Bible); Sourse - Masoretic
Text, Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament.
King James Version with Apocrypha, American Edition
32 Therefore the children of
Israel eat not of the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the
thigh, unto this day; because he touched the hollow of Jacob's thigh in the
sinew that shrank. [KJVAAE, Genesis 32:32]
Note: spelling, punctuation
and text formatting modernized by ABS in 1962; typesetting © 2010 American
Bible Society.
King James Version, American Edition
32 Therefore the children of
Israel eat not of the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the
thigh, unto this day; because he touched the hollow of Jacob's thigh in the
sinew that shrank. [KJVAE, Genesis 32:32]
Note: spelling, punctuation
and text formatting modernized by ABS in 1962; typesetting © 2010 American
Bible Society.
Good News Bible (Anglicised)
32 Even today the descendants
of Israel do not eat the muscle which is on the hip joint, because it was on
this muscle that Jacob was struck. [GNBDC, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 1976; Sourse - United Bible Societies (UBS) Greek text ?
Good News Bible (Catholic edition in Septuagint order)
32 Even today the descendants of
Israel do not eat the muscle which is on the hip joint, because it was on this
muscle that Jacob was struck. [GNBDK, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern
English; Date – 1976; Sourse - United Bible Societies (UBS) Greek text ?
Good News Translation
32 Even today the descendants
of Israel do not eat the muscle which is on the hip joint, because it was on
this muscle that Jacob was hit. [GNT, Genesis 32:32]
Note: was first published as a
full Bible in 1976.
Good News Translation (US Version)
32 Even today the descendants
of Israel do not eat the muscle which is on the hip joint, because it was on
this muscle that Jacob was hit. [GNTD, Genesis 32:32]
Note: was first published as a
full Bible in 1976.
New King James Version
32 Therefore to this day the
children of Israel do not eat the muscle that shrank, which is on the hip
socket, because He touched the socket of Jacob’s hip in the muscle that shrank. [NKJV, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 1982; Sourse - Masoretic Text (Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, 1983), Textus Receptus.
Amplified Bible
32 Therefore, to this day the
Israelites do not eat the tendon of the hip which is on the socket of the
thigh, because He touched the socket of Jacob’s thigh by the tendon of the hip.
[AMP, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern
English; Date – 1987?; Sourse - Revision of the American Standard Version.
Holy Bible: Easy-to-Read Version
32 So even today, the people
of Israel don’t eat the muscle that is on the hip joint, because this is the
muscle where Jacob was hurt. [ERV, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 1989; Sourse - Textus Receptus, United Bible Society (UBS) Greek text, Nestle-Aland Text.
New Revised Standard Version
32 Therefore to this day the
Israelites do not eat the thigh muscle that is on the hip socket, because he
struck Jacob on the hip socket at the thigh muscle. [NRSV, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 1989; Sourse - ?
New Revised Standard Version Catholic Interconfessional
32 Therefore to this day the
Israelites do not eat the thigh muscle that is on the hip socket, because he
struck Jacob on the hip socket at the thigh muscle. [NRSV-CI, Genesis 32:32]
Note: copyright © 1989
Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of
Christ in the USA.
New Century Version
32 So even today the people of
Israel do not eat the muscle that is on the hip joint of animals, because Jacob
was touched there. [NCV, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 1991; Sourse - ?
Good News Bible (Anglicised, 1994)
32 Even today the descendants
of Israel do not eat the muscle which is on the hip joint, because it was on
this muscle that Jacob was struck. [GNBUK, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern
English; Date – 1994; Sourse - United Bible Societies (UBS) Greek text?
New American Standard Bible (1995)
32 Therefore, to this day the
sons of Israel do not eat the sinew of the hip which is on the socket of the
thigh, because he touched the socket of Jacob’s thigh in the sinew of the hip. [NASB1995, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 1971, 1995, 2020; Sourse - Masoretic Text, Nestle-Aland Text.
Contemporary English Version
32 and the muscle on his hip
joint had been injured. That's why even today the people of Israel don't eat
the hip muscle of any animal. [CEV, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 1995; Sourse - it is an accurate and faithful translation of the original manuscripts.
Contemporary English Version Interconfessional Edition
32 and the muscle on his hip
joint had been injured. That's why even today the people of Israel don't eat
the hip muscle of any animal. [CEVDCI, Genesis 32:32]
Note: it is an accurate and
faithful translation of the original manuscripts (1995).
GOD'S WORD
32 Therefore, even today the
people of Israel do not eat the muscle of the thigh attached to the hip socket
because God touched the socket of Jacob’s hip at the muscle of the thigh. [GW,Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 1995; Sourse - ?
New Living Translation
32(Even today the people of
Israel don’t eat the tendon near the hip socket because of what happened that
night when the man strained the tendon of Jacob’s hip. [NLT, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern
English; Date – 1996; Sourse - ?
Complete Jewish Bible
33 This is why, to this day,
the people of Isra’el do not eat the thigh muscle that passes along the hip
socket — because the man struck Ya‘akov’s hip at its socket. [CJB, B'resheet 32:33]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 1998; Sourse - Paraphrase of the Jewish Publication Society of America Version (Old Testament), and from Greek (New Testament) text.
New International Reader’s Version
32 That’s why the Israelites
don’t eat the meat attached to the inside of an animal’s hip. They don’t eat it
to this day. It’s because the inside of Jacob’s hip was touched. [NIRV, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 1998; Sourse - ?
World English Bible
32 Therefore the children of
Israel don’t eat the sinew of the hip, which is on the hollow of the thigh, to
this day, because he touched the hollow of Jacob’s thigh in the sinew of the
hip. [WEB, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 2000; Sourse - Based on the American Standard Version first published in 1901, the Biblia Hebraica Stutgartensa Old Testament, and the Greek Majority Text New Testament. It is in draft form, and currently being edited for accuracy and readability.
Holman Christian Standard Bible
32 That is why, to this day,
the Israelites don’t eat the thigh muscle that is at the hip socket: because He
struck Jacob’s hip socket at the thigh muscle.
[HCSB, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 2004; Sourse - Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Novum Testamentum Graece 27th Edition, United Bible Societies 4th Edition.
New English Translation
32 That is why to this day the
Israelites do not eat the sinew which is attached to the socket of the hip,
because he struck the socket of Jacob’s hip near the attached sinew. [NET, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 2005; Sourse - Masoretic Text, Nestle-Aland/United Bible Society Greek New Testament.
The Scriptures (2009)
32 That is why the children of
Yisra’ĕl to this day do not eat the sinew of the hip, which is on the socket of
the thigh, because He touched the socket of the thigh of Ya‛aqoḇ, in the sinew
of the hip. [TS2009, Berěshith 32:32]
Lexham English Bible
32 Therefore the Israelites do
not eat the sinew of the sciatic nerve that is upon the socket of the hip unto
this day, because he struck the socket of the thigh of Jacob at the sinew of
the sciatic nerve. [LEB, Genesis 32:32]
Note: Copyright 2010 Logos
Bible Software. Lexhamis a registered trademark of Logos Bible Software.
Translated by J. Wycliffe, J. Purvey (2010NobleTP, ed.)
25 And when the man saw that
he might not overcome Jacob, he touched the sinew of Jacob’s hip, and it dried
anon (and it dried up at once).
32 For which cause the sons of
Israel eat not unto this present day the sinew, (like that) that dried in the
hip of Jacob (For this reason, the Israelites do not eat the sinew, like that
which dried up in Jacob’s hip, unto this present day); for the man touched the
sinew of Jacob’s hip, and it dried (up). [2010NobleTP, Genesis 32:25,32]
Note: English variant - Early
Modern English; Date – 1530 ed.
Common English Bible
25 When the man saw that he
couldn’t defeat Jacob, he grabbed Jacob’s thigh and tore a muscle in Jacob’s
thigh as he wrestled with him.
32 Therefore, Israelites don’t
eat the tendon attached to the thigh muscle to this day, because he grabbed
Jacob’s thigh muscle at the tendon. [CEB, Genesis 32:25,32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 2011; Sourse - translated the Bible into English directly from the original Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts?
The Orthodox Jewish Bible (2011)
32 Therefore the Bnei Yisroel
eat not of the sinew of the thigh vein (sciatic nerve) which is upon the hip
socket, unto this day; because he touched the hip socket of Ya'akov in the
sinew of the thigh vein. [TOJB2011, Bereshis 32:32]
New American Bible, revised edition
33 That is why, to this day,
the Israelites do not eat the sciatic muscle that is on the hip socket, because
he had struck Jacob’s hip socket at the sciatic muscle. [NABRE, Genesis 32:33]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 2011; Sourse - Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia for the Hebrew Bible, Dead Sea Scrolls consulted and referenced, Septuagint also consulted and compared for the OT and Deuterocanonicals, the Latin Vulgate for some parts of the Deuterocanonicals, and the United Bible Societies 3rd edition (UBS3) cross referenced to the 26th edition of the Greek New Testament (NA26).
New International Version
32 Therefore to this day the
Israelites do not eat the tendon attached to the socket of the hip, because the
socket of Jacob’s hip was touched near the tendon. [NIV, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern English; Date – 1978, 1984, 2011; Sourse - Masoretic Text, Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament (based on Westcott-Hort, Weiss and Tischendorf, 1862).
Contemporary English Version (Anglicised, 2012)
32 and the muscle on his hip
joint had been injured. That's why even today the people of Israel don't eat
the hip muscle of any animal. [CEVUK, Genesis 32:32]
Modern English Version
32 Therefore to this day the
children of Israel do not eat the sinew which is attached to the socket of the
thigh, because He touched the socket of Jacob’s thigh in the sinew of the hip. [MEV, Genesis 32:32]
Note: Copyright © 2014 by
Military Bible Association.
International Children’s Bible
32 So even today the people of
Israel do not eat the muscle that is on the hip joint of animals. This is
because Jacob was touched there. [ICB, Genesis 32:32]
Note: Copyright © 1986, 1988,
1999, 2015 by Tommy Nelson™, a division of Thomas Nelson.
Amplified Bible, Classic Edition
32 That is why to this day the
Israelites do not eat the sinew of the hip which is on the hollow of the thigh,
because [the Angel of the Lord] touched the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the
sinew of the hip. [AMPC, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern
English; Date – 2015?; Sourse - Revision of the American Standard Version.
Berean Study Bible
32 Therefore to this day the
Israelites do not eat the tendon which is at the socket of the hip, because the
socket of Jacob’s hip was struck near that tendon. [BSB, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern
English; Date – 2016; Sourse - Masoretic Text, various Greek texts.
Berean Study Bible
32 Therefore to this day the
Israelites do not eat the tendon which is at the socket of the hip, because the
socket of Jacob’s hip was struck near that tendon. [BSB, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern
English; Date – 2016; Sourse - Masoretic Text, various Greek texts.
English Standard Version (2016)
32 Therefore to this day the
people of Israel do not eat the sinew of the thigh that is on the hip socket,
because he touched the socket of Jacob’s hip on the sinew of the thigh. [ESV, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern
English; Date – 2001, 2007, 2011, 2016; Sourse - Derived from the 1971 edition
of the Revised Standard Version text. Based on Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
(5th ed., 1997); UBS Greek New Testament (5th corrected ed.); and Novum
Testamentum Graece (28th ed., 2012).
Christian Standard Bible
32 That is why, still today,
the Israelites don’t eat the thigh muscle that is at the hip socket: because he
struck Jacob’s hip socket at the thigh muscle.
[CSB, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern
English; Date – 2017; Sourse - Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Novum
Testamentum Graece 28th Edition (NA28), United Bible Societies 5th Edition
(UBS5).
Easy English Bible (2018)
32 Even today, the Israelite
people do not eat the meat of an animal where it joins to the hip. This is
because God touched Jacob's hip. [EASY, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern
English; Date – 2018; Sourse - Masoretic Text, Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum
Graece.
Jubilee Bible
32 Therefore the sons of
Israel do not eat of the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the
thigh, unto this day, because he touched the hollow of Jacob’s thigh in the
sinew that shrank. [JUB, Genesis 32:32]
Note: The Jubilee Bible 2000
(JUB) (From the Scriptures of the Reformation) Copyright © 2013, 2020
Translated and Edited by Russell M. Stendal.
New American Standard Bible (2020)
32 Therefore, to this day the
sons of Israel do not eat the tendon of the hip which is on the socket of the
hip, because he touched the socket of Jacob’s hip in the tendon of the hip. [NASB2020, Genesis 32:32]
Note: English variant – Modern
English; Date – 1971, 1995, 2020; Sourse - Masoretic Text, Nestle-Aland Text.
Catholic Public Domain Version
32 For this reason, the sons
of Israel, even to the present day, do not eat the nerve that withered in
Jacob's thigh, because he touched the nerve of his thigh and it was obstructed. [CPDV, Genesis 32:32]
Free Bible Version
32 That's why, even today,
Israelites don't eat the thigh tendon attached to the hip socket, because that's
where the man hit Jacob's hip socket.
[FBV, Genesis 32:32]
Note: this translation is
directly from the Hebrew and Greek text.
New International Version (Anglicised)
32 Therefore to this day the
Israelites do not eat the tendon attached to the socket of the hip, because the
socket of Jacob’s hip was touched near the tendon. [NIVUK, Genesis 32:32]
New Messianic Version Bible
32 Therefore the children of
Isra’el eat not [of] the sinew which shrank, which [is] upon the hollow of the
thigh, unto this day: because he touched the hollow of Ya’akov’s thigh in the
sinew that shrank. [https://www.bible.com/bible/2135/GEN.32.NMV NMV,
Genesis 32:32]
Revised Standard Version (RSV-CI)
32 Therefore to this day the
Israelites do not eat the sinew of the hip which is upon the hollow of the
thigh, because he touched the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew of the hip. [RSV-CI, Genesis 32:32]
Note: Division of Christian
Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United
States of America.
Tree of Life Version
33 That is why the children of
Israel do not eat the tendon of the hip socket, to this very day, because He
struck the socket of Jacob’s thigh on the tendon of the hip. [TLV, Genesis 32:33]
Note: Hebrew Bible.
World English Bible British Edition
32 Therefore the children of
Israel don’t eat the sinew of the hip, which is on the hollow of the thigh, to
this day, because he touched the hollow of Jacob’s thigh in the sinew of the
hip. [WEBBE, Genesis 32:32]
World Messianic Bible
32 Therefore the children of
Israel don’t eat the sinew of the hip, which is on the hollow of the thigh, to
this day, because he touched the hollow of Jacob’s thigh in the sinew of the
hip. [WMB,Genesis 32:32]
World Messianic Bible British Edition
32 Therefore the children of
Israel don’t eat the sinew of the hip, which is on the hollow of the thigh, to
this day, because he touched the hollow of Jacob’s thigh in the sinew of the
hip. [WMBBE, Genesis 32:32]
Wycliffe's Bible with Modern Spelling
25 And when the man saw that
he might not overcome Jacob, he touched the sinew of Jacob’s hip, and it dried
anon.
32 For which cause the sons of Israel eat not unto this present day the sinew, like that that dried in the hip of Jacob; for the man touched the sinew of Jacob’s hip, and it dried up. [WBMS, Genesis 32:25,32]
Keywords
synonyms, ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur
References
Forshall J, Madden F. The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments with the Apocryphal Books in the Earliest English Versions Made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and His Followers : Edited by J. Forshall and Sir F. Madden. Vol. 1. Oxford: University Press, 1850. [books.google]
Aelgric, Grein CWM. Älfrik de vetere et novo testamento, Pentateuch, Iosua, Buch der Richter und Hiob. Cassel, Goettingen: G.H. Wigand, 1872. [archive.org]
Coverdale M. The Bible, that is the Holy Scrypture... MDXXXV [1535]. [archive.org https://archive.org/details/1535-coverdale-bible/mode/2up 1535CoverdaleM]
Taverner R. The most Sacred Bible…, MDXXXIX [1539]. [archive.org]
Rogers J. The Byble, which is all the holy scripture. MDXXXVII [1537]. [archive.org]
Aelfric’s Anglo-Saxon Paraphrase of the Pentateuch, and Joshua. Mus. Brit. Bibl. Cotton. Claudius B IV. XII E, 1050. [archive.org]
Tyndale W. The
Fyrst boke of Moses called Genesis. Marburg?, 1530.
Bible. Т. Е. English (Middle English). Wycliffe. Selection. 15th cent. [ca. 1425]. [archive.org]
The Holy Bible,
Conteyning the Old Testament and the New: Newly Transl. out of the Original
Tongues... London: Robert Barker, Printed to the Kings most Excellent Maiestie,
1611.
Noble TP (Ed). Wycliffe’s
Old Testament translated by John Wycliffe and John Purvey: a modern-spelling
edition of their 14th century Middle English translation, the first complete
English vernacular version, with an introduction by Terence P. Noble. Vancouver:
Terence P. Noble, 2010.
Suggs MJ, Sakenfeld KD, Mueller JR (Eds). The Oxford Study Bible. Revision English Bible with Apocrypha. New York: Oxford University press, 1992. [pdfdrive.com]
.
.
In
translating to English, the author is assisted by ChatGPT (version 3.5) and the
Google Translate service.
If you notice
an error, please let us know!
NB! Fair practice / use: copied for the purposes of
criticism, review, comment, research and private study in accordance with
Copyright Laws of the US: 17 U.S.C. §107; Copyright Law of the EU: Dir. 2001/29/EC,
art.5/3a,d; Copyright Law of the RU: ГК РФ ст.1274/1.1-2,7
Comments
Post a Comment