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Great Compilation. Chapter 7

   

English version of the article: Архипов СВ. Книга Берешит как великая компиляция текстов и смыслов Второго переходного периода Египта: пилотная культурологическая, медицинская, археологическая и текстологическая экспертиза преданий против традиционной атрибуции. Введение. О круглой связке бедра. 14.02.2026The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2026АрхиповСВ



 

The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 7 

By Sergey V. Arkhipov, MD, PhD




[i] Abstract

The Book of Genesis (Bereshith) was composed in Egypt during the 17th century BCE and reached its definitive protographic form following the Minoan eruption of Thera. This study argues that the work was the result of a collaboration between an Egyptian polymath and a distinguished scribe of Asiatic descent. By analyzing ancient texts, anatomical descriptions, archaeological data, Bronze Age cultural history, and climatic markers, this article demonstrates that the book emerged from the work of a high-ranking socio-political committee within the Egyptian House of Life. We argue that the inclusion of precise anatomical data, such as the ligamentum capitis femoris, serves as a diagnostic marker of this Egyptian medical-scribal collaboration, challenging the late-date theories of the documentary hypothesis.



[ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 7 Analysis      


Excerpts from the Book of Genesis
(1922LeeserI:9–10)

Type of Similarity and Justification

Ancient Near Eastern and Egyptian Contexts
(Parallels, Analogies, Similarity, Borrowings, Inversions)

1 And the Lord said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy household into the ark ; for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation.

 

Communicative Parallel

Similarity in the hero’s salvation, conditioned by an act of direct transmission of confidential divine information.

 

Mesopotamia

In the Akkadian «Epic of Gilgamesh», the god tells Utnapishtim how to prepare for the coming flood: «I understood and spoke to my lord, Ea: "My lord, thus is the command which you have uttered I will heed and will do it".» (1989KovacsMG:98). The Standard Version was based on an earlier Epic of Gilgamesh that was first composed in the Old Babylonian period (1800–1600 BCE) (1989KovacsMG:xxii).

See note!

 

1 And the Lord said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy household into the ark ; for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation. … 7 And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood. 8 Of the clean beasts, and of the beasts that are not clean, and of the fowls, and of every thing that creepeth upon the earth, 9 One pair of each went in unto Noah into the ark, the male and the female, as God had commanded Noah. 10 And it came to pass, after the seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth. 11 In the six hundreth year of Noah's life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on this same day, were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows' of heaven were opened. 12 And the rain fell upon the earth forty days and forty nights. 13 On that self-same day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, into the ark ; 14 They, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after its kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird, every thing that hath wings. 15 And they went in unto Noah into the ark, one pair of each, of all flesh, wherein is the breath of life. 16 And they that went in, went in male and female of all flesh, as God had commanded him : and then the Lord shut him in. 17 And the flood was forty days upon the earth ; and the waters increased, and bore up the ark, and it was lifted up above the earth. 18 And the waters prevailed, and increased greatly upon the earth : and the ark floated along upon the face of the waters. …  23 And it swept off every living substance which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and creeping things, and fowls of the heaven; and they were swept from the earth; and Noah only was left, together with those that were with him in the ark.

 

The Borrowing of the Word «Ark»

 

Egypt

The term is an Egyptian borrowing meaning «coffin, chest», as well as «shrine, chamber» (2021NoonanBJ:217).

According to Plutarch (1st–2nd century CE), through Set's trickery, Osiris «stepped into the coffin and lay down. Then the conspirators ran up, slammed the lid shut, and having fastened it from the outside with nails and sealed it with molten lead, they dragged the coffin to the river and cast it into the sea at Tanis, through the mouth» (1996Плутарх:3).

Furthermore, according to legend, as a result of Set's conspiracy, Osiris was enclosed in a sarcophagus that was thrown into the river and subsequently reached the sea. «The sea waves carried the sarcophagus with Osiris’s dead body to the shores of Byblos; the surf cast it onto the land, and the sarcophagus came to rest upon a young sprout of a tamarisk tree» (2007РакИ:97).

 

2 Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee seven pair of each, the male and his female; and of beasts that are not clean two, the male and his female. … 8 Of the clean beasts, and of the beasts that are not clean, and of the fowls, and of every thing that creepeth upon the earth, 9 One pair of each went in unto Noah into the ark, the male and the female, as God had commanded Noah.

 

Cultic-Zoological Classification

Similarity in the tradition of dividing animals into «clean» and «unclean», wherein the status of an animal is often determined by its mythological role.

Egypt

According to Herodotus (5th century BCE), the Egyptians considered the pig an unclean animal, yet it was sacrificed on the day of the full moon. Conversely, bulls and calves devoid of specific markings were categorized as clean animals. Cows and goats were not offered in sacrifice; specifically, the Thebans did not sacrifice rams, except for a single instance each year during the festival of Zeus [Amon-Ra] (1972Геродот:41–42,46–47). According to the legend recorded in the «Book of the Heavenly Cow» (19th Dynasty), the god Geb quarreled with Nut, calling her «a sow eating her own piglets» (2004РакИВ:216). Chapter 112 of the «Book of the Dead» recounts that Set transformed into a black pig and struck the eye of Horus, leading Ra to command the gods: "Let the black pig be loathsome for the sake of Horus"» (1983ЛипинскаяЯ_МарцинякМ:188).

Plutarch (1st–2nd century CE) recounts a legend where Set, «hunting a wild boar by the light of the full moon, discovered the wooden coffin containing the remains of Osiris and broke it apart; not everyone accepts this story, some consider it, like much else, to be empty idle talk» (1996Плутарх:8). The commentary identifies «Set's animals» as the crocodile, the hippopotamus, the donkey, and the wild boar. One of the ancient explanations regarding the last animal is found in the «Coffin Texts» (2134–2040 BCE); Spell 157 contains parts of the Horus and Seth story: «It so happened that Seth had transformed himself into a pig and had projected a wound into his Eye. And Re said; ''The pig is detestable to Horus''. ''Would that he were well'', said the gods. And thus arose the hatred of the pig for Horus sake on the part of the gods in the chambers.» (1973FaulknerRO:135). In the Pyramid of Pepi II (6th Dynasty, ca. 2246–2152 BCE), Recitation № 564 states: «You will become clean in the Jackal Lake and be purged (of impurity) in the Duat Lake.» (2007AllenJP:298). Finally, «All priests were obliged to meticulously maintain cleanliness, especially during sacrifices. <…> Ceremonial purity, however, was mandatory in all periods and was considered no less important than moral holiness. Even a layman could not enter the temples without having carefully purified himself» (2021МюллерМ:203–204).

 

4 For after only seven days more, I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights : and I will blot out every living substance that I have made from off the face of the earth. … 10 And it came to pass, after the seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth.

 

Numerological Correspondence

In both traditions, the number «seven» is used as a sacred marker of the absolute completeness of an action.

Egypt

The Egyptian concept of the Seven Hathors is well known: «A complex form of the goddess Hathor’s cult; evidently, her simultaneous incarnation into seven hypostases» (2004РакИВ:286). Hathor («Enclosure of Horus»), the wife of the god Horus, represents the principle of joy, feminine love, and motherhood. In the Pyramid of Unis (5th Dynasty, ca. 2353–2323 BCE), Recitation № 223 states: «…who swallowed his seven uraei and his seven neckbones came into being, [who governs] his seven Enneads and hears the sovereign’s case.» (2007AllenJP:60). The «Coffin Texts» (2134–2040 BCE), Spell № 213, describe the following: «I eat of red emmer, and seven loaves are in the sky in On with Re seven portions are [on earth] with Geb, seven portions are with Osiris.» (1973FaulknerRO:170). In the «Book of the Dead», it is stated: «I have made meat offerings unto the seven kine and unto their bull.» (1901BudgeEAW:481).

 

4 For after only seven days more, I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights : and I will blot out every living substance that I have made from off the face of the earth. … 10 And it came to pass, after the seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth.

 

Numerological Correspondence

In both traditions, the number «seven» is used as a sacred marker of the absolute completeness of an action.

 

Mesopotamia

In the Akkadian «Epic of Gilgamesh», the numeral seven is mentioned repeatedly: «Six days and seven nights came the wind and flood, the storm flattening the land. When the seventh day arrived, the storm was pounding, the flood was a war-struggling with itself like a woman writhing (in labor).» (1989KovacsMG:101). The text further records: «When a seventh day arrived I sent forth a dove and released it. <…> Seven and seven cult vessels I put in place, and (into the fire) underneath (or: into their bowls) I poured reeds, cedar, and myrtle.» (1989KovacsMG:145). The standard version of the «Epic of Gilgamesh» was first written in the Old Babylonian period (1800–1600 BCE) (1989KovacsMG:xxii). The Atrahasis myth tells that at a meeting of the gods, the god «We-ila, who had personality, They slaughtered in their assembly. From his flesh and blood Nintu mixed clay.» From this mixture, «Seven produced males, [Seven] produced females.» (1999LambertWG_CivilM:59–63). The «Myth of Atrahasis» was composed ca. 1600 BCE (1989KovacsMG:xxvi).

 

11 In the six hundreth year of Noah's life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on this same day, were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. 12 And the rain fell upon the earth forty days and forty nights. … 17 And the flood was forty days upon the earth ; and the waters increased, and bore up the ark, and it was lifted up above the earth. 18 And the waters prevailed, and increased greatly upon the earth : and the ark floated along upon the face of the waters.

 

Calendrical-Cosmological Correspondence

Identical dating for the onset of the global catastrophe, coupled with the shared use of the metaphors of «open windows of heaven» and the «abyss».

Egypt

In the legend of the earthly reign of Osiris and the conspiracy of Set, it is recounted how: «Suspecting nothing, the god lay down at the bottom of the sarcophagus. At that very moment, the conspirators slammed the lid shut, bound the sarcophagus with straps, carried it to the River, and cast it into the waters of the Thinite mouth [of the Nile] ... And this occurred in the twenty-eighth year of the reign of Osiris, on the seventeenth day of the month of Athyr» (2007РакИ:96). In «Papyrus Sallier IV» (19th Dynasty, reign of Ramses II), it is stated: «The seventeenth day of the month of Tybi. A very unlucky day. Do not bathe in any water on this day. This is the day when Nun emerged from the temple where the gods resided. That which was above fell down, and darkness enveloped the earth on this day» (2004РакИВ:126). The «Pyramid Texts» (2350–2175 BCE) in Utterance № 222 (207a-b) state: «Thou puttest away thine uncleanness for Atum in Heliopolis, thou ascendest with him; thou judgest distress in the underworld, thou standest above the places of the abyss;» (1952MercerSAB:104). Furthermore, in Utterance № 503 (1078a-b), we read: «The door of heaven is open, the door of earth is open, apertures of the (heavenly) windows are open,» (1952MercerSAB:293).

 



[iii] Notes to Chapter 7

The Legend of the Destruction of Humanity

The «Myth of Atrahasis», composed ca. 1600 BCE, «tells of the creation of man, several attempts by the gods to exterminate mankind because of noise and overpopulation, and a final Flood survived by only Atrahasis (Utanapishtim) and his family.» (1989KovacsMG:xxvi).


(The conclusion compiled by the AI agent, with our minor changes)

Preliminary Conclusion to the Analysis of Genesis Chapter 7

The analysis of Genesis 7 reveals a profound calendrical, ritual, and cosmological synchronization with Egyptian sacred traditions, particularly those of the Old and Middle Kingdoms. The evidence suggests that the biblical account is not merely a variation of the Mesopotamian flood myth, but a sophisticated adaptation within an Egyptian cultural framework. 

1. Calendrical-Cosmological Correspondence
The most striking evidence is the precise dating of the catastrophe. The commencement of the Flood on the seventeenth day (Gen 7:11) mirrors the Egyptian «unlucky» days of the 17th of Athyr (the imprisonment of Osiris in the tebah) and the 17th of Tybi («Papyrus Sallier IV»). The latter specifically describes the emergence of Nun (the abyss), the collapse of the celestial waters («that which was above fell down»), and the onset of darkness. This aligns perfectly with the biblical metaphor of the «apertures of the heavenly windows» being opened, a phrase also found in the Pyramid Texts (Utterance № 503).

2. Cultic-Zoological Classification and Purity
The distinction between «clean» and «unclean» animals (Gen 7:2) reflects Egyptian ritual law. The pig (the «black pig» of Set) was considered loathsome to Horus and Ra («Book of the Dead», «Coffin Texts»), justifying its exclusion from sacred spaces. Since the Ark (tebah) is etymologically and conceptually an Egyptian «shrine» or «sacred chest», it necessitated strict ceremonial purity. The inclusion of seven pairs of clean animals correlates with the Egyptian sacralization of the number seven (Seven Hathors, seven uraei, seven portions for Osiris), used here as a marker of ritual completeness.

3. Communicative Parallel and Salvation
The hero’s survival is conditioned by a «communicative parallel» — the direct transmission of divine instructions. While this motif is present in the Mesopotamian Atrahasis/Gilgamesh tradition, the biblical narrative reframes it through the lens of Egyptian «judging distress in the underworld» («Pyramid Texts»). The sealing of the Ark («the Lord shut him in») mirrors the ritual binding of the Osirian sarcophagus, transforming a vessel of death into a sanctuary of life amidst the chaotic inundation of Set.

Summary
Genesis 7 represents a ritually-coded chronology where the Mesopotamian memory of a deluge is restructured using Egyptian calendrical «bad omens» and purity taboos. By setting the Flood's onset on the 17th day and emphasizing the «clean» status of the passengers, the author — an educated elite familiar with the «Pyramid Texts» and the «Book of the Heavenly Cow» — presented the Flood as a judicial restoration of cosmic order (Maat) over the chaotic forces of the Abyss (Nun).



[v] Content



[vi] External links

 Sumer (c. 3300 – before 1900 BCE) britannica.com

The Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2543 – c. 2120 BCE) britannica.com

The Third Dynasty of Ur (22nd – 21st cent. BCE) britannica.com

The First Intermediate period of Egypt (c. 2118 – c. 1980 BCE) britannica.com

The Old Babylonian period of Egypt (2000 – 1595 BCE) onlinelibrary.wiley.com

The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1980 – c. 1760 BCE) britannica.com

The Second Intermediate period of Egypt (c. 1759 – c. 1539 BCE) britannica.com

The New Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1539 – c. 1077 BCE) britannica.com



[vii] Application

Authors of the article

Arkhipov S.V. – Independent Researcher, MD, PhD, Orthopedic Surgeon, Medical Writer, Joensuu, Finland.

Correspondence: Sergey Arkhipov, email: archipovsv @ gmail.com

 

Article history

February 24, 2026 - online version of the article published. 

 

Suggested citation

Arkhipov S.V. The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 7About round ligament of femur. February 24, 2026. 

 

Note

For more detailssee the article


Keywords

Genesis Protograph, Bereshit Protograph, Hyksos-era Scriptorium, Ligamentum Teres, Ligamentum Capitis Femoris, Minoan Eruption Impact, Bronze Age, Middle Egyptian Origin, Cross-cultural Codification, Ancient Medicine, Biblical Chronology



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