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Great Compilation. Chapter 4

    

English version of the article: Архипов СВ. Книга Берешит как великая компиляция текстов и смыслов Второго переходного периода Египта: пилотная культурологическая, медицинская, археологическая и текстологическая экспертиза преданий против традиционной атрибуции. Введение. О круглой связке бедра. 14.02.2026The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2026АрхиповСВ



 

The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 4 

By Sergey V. Arkhipov, MD, PhD




[i] Abstract

The Book of Genesis (Bereshith) was composed in Egypt during the 17th century BCE and reached its definitive protographic form following the Minoan eruption of Thera. This study argues that the work was the result of a collaboration between an Egyptian polymath and a distinguished scribe of Asiatic descent. By analyzing ancient texts, anatomical descriptions, archaeological data, Bronze Age cultural history, and climatic markers, this article demonstrates that the book emerged from the work of a high-ranking socio-political committee within the Egyptian House of Life. We argue that the inclusion of precise anatomical data, such as the ligamentum capitis femoris, serves as a diagnostic marker of this Egyptian medical-scribal collaboration, challenging the late-date theories of the documentary hypothesis.



[ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 4 Analysis     

Excerpt from the Book of Genesis 
(1922LeeserI:6-7)

 

Type of similarity and justification

Ancient Near Eastern and Egyptian Contexts 
(Parallels, Analogies, Convergences, Borrowings, and Inversions in Archaeology, Culture, Medical Knowledge, and Historical Facts: Mesopotamia, the Levant, Anatolia, and the Nile Valley)

8 And Cain talked with Abel his brother : and it came to pass when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and slew him. 9 And the Lord said unto Cain, Where is Abel thy brother? And he said, I know not; am I my brother's keeper ? 10 And he said. What hast thou done ? the voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the ground. 11 And now be thou cursed from the ground, which hath opened its mouth to receive thy brother's blood from thy hand :

 

Narrative Similarity.

Both texts present the archetypal motif of fratricide, featuring an attempt by the perpetrator to conceal the deed.

 

Egypt

Pyramid Texts (2350-2175 BCE) Utterance № 478 (972a-c) from this verse, we understand that Seth personally killed Osiris: «Thou art come in search of thy brother, Osiris, after his brother Set had cast him on his side, on yonder side of Gḥś.ti» (1952MercerSAB:271-272). 

Coffin Texts (2134-2040 BCE) in Spell № 837 remembers the murder of Osiris by Seth, and recalls his lies to the gods: «Remember, Seth, and put in your heare this word which Geb spoke against you, this threae which the gods made against you in the Mansion of the Prince which is in On when you felled Osiris to the earth in Nedit, when you said, Seth, 'I did not do this', so that you might have power over him, that you might be saved and that you might have power over Horus; when you said, Seth, 'It was he who attacked me', when there came into being his name of 'Earth-attacker(?)'; when you said, Seth, 'It was he who kicked me',» (1978FaulknerRO:23-24). 

A later legend introduces the coffin as a means of killing. Specifically, according to Plutarch (1st–2nd cent. AD), through Set's trickery, Osiris himself «stepped into the coffin and lay down. Then the conspirators ran up, slammed the lid shut, and having fastened it from the outside with nails and sealed it with molten lead, they dragged the coffin to the river and cast it into the sea at Tanis, through the mouth» (1996Плутарх:3).

 

16 And Cain went out from the presence of the Lord, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden.

 

The borrowing of the word «Eden»

 

In the Akkadian language, «edinu» means «plain», which is a concept borrowed from the Sumerian «eden»: «plain, steppe, open country» (2004OppenheimAL:33; oracc.museum.upenn.edu)

 

18 And unto Enoch was born Irad; and Irad begat Mechujael ; and Mechijael begat Methushael ; and Metliushael begat Lemech.

 

 

Genealogical Model.

Similarity in the application of a linear principle for listing male-line descendants, wherein the process of reproduction is described as a direct action of the masculine principle without mentioning the female.

 

Egypt

The first pair of gods were Shu and Tefnut. «At the beginning of creation, they were born of Ra-Atum» (2007РакИ:45). 

According to the Heliopolitan cosmogony recorded in the «Bremner-Rhind Papyrus», specifically in the text known as «The Book of Knowing the Creations of Ra», it appears that the creator god of the universe, Ra-Atum, was male (2007РакИ:28-29). 

Pyramid Texts (2350-2175 BCE) Utterance № 527 (1248a-c): «To say: Atum created by his masturbation in Heliopolis. He put his phallus in his fist, to excite desire thereby.» (1952MercerSAB:325). 

Pyramid of Pepi I (6th Dynasty, ca. 2289–2255 BCE) Recitation № 522 при разделке жертвенного быка сказано: «what is in his scrotum is for the four gods that Horus gave birth to and desired, Hapi, Imseti, Duamutef, and Qebehsenuef;» (2007AllenJP:185).

 

21 And his brother's name was Jubal ; he was the father of all such as play on the harp and guitar.

 

Borrowing of the word «kinnor».

 

The term denoting a lyre most likely originated in northern Syria or Anatolia during the third millennium BCE (2021NoonanBJ:126).

 

22 And Zillah, she also bore Tubal-cain, an artificer in every article of copper and iron; and the sister of Tubal-cain was Naamah.

 

Technological Attribution.

The temporal and geographical correlation with the earliest archaeological evidence of the emergence of iron tools.


Mesopotamia 

A piece of smelted iron, dated to 3000–2700 BCE, was found at the Chagar Bazar site in northeastern Syria, and a fragment of an iron dagger, manufactured approximately in 2700 BCE, was discovered at the Tell Asmar site near Baghdad (1969DartRA).

 

22 And Zillah, she also bore Tubal-cain, an artificer in every article of copper and iron; and the sister of Tubal-cain was Naamah.

 

Borrowing of the word «iron».

 

The borrowing of a Luwian term from Anatolia (2021NoonanBJ:78-79).

 

23 And Lemech said unto his wives, Adah and Zillah, hear my voice; ye wives of Lemech, hearken unto my speech; for I have slain a manto myownwounding, and a young man to my hurt. 24 If Cain shall be avenged seven-fold, truly Lemech seventy and seven-fold.

 

Poetic stylistics.

Commonality in the use of artistic devices to formalize legal or mythological declarations.

 

Egypt

«Mythology is sometimes more rationalistic and sometimes less so, but in all cases, besides the rational, it also contains a poetic element. In Egyptian mythology, however, the poetic element is dominant» (2004РакИВ:12).

 

24 If Cain shall be avenged seven-fold, truly Lemech seventy and seven-fold.

 

Numerological Correspondence.

In both traditions, the number seven is utilized as a sacred marker of the absolute fullness of an action.

Egypt

The Egyptian concept of the Seven Hathors is well known: «A complex form of the goddess Hathor’s cult; evidently, her simultaneous incarnation into seven hypostases» (2004РакИВ:286). Hathor ('Enclosure of Horus'), the wife of the god Horus, represents the principle of joy, feminine love, and motherhood. 

Pyramid of Unis (5th Dynasty, ca. 2353-2323 BCE) Recitation № 223: «…who swallowed his seven uraei and his seven neckbones came into being, [who governs] his seven Enneads and hears the sovereign’s case.» (2007AllenJP:60). 

Coffin Texts (2134-2040 BCE) Spell № 213: «I eat of red emmer, and seven loaves are in the sky in On with Re seven portions are [on earth] with Geb, seven portions are with Osiris.» (1973FaulknerRO:170). 

In the «Book of the Dead» it is stated: «I have made meat offerings unto the seven kine and unto their bull.» (1901BudgeEAW:481).

 

24 If Cain shall be avenged seven-fold, truly Lemech seventy and seven-fold.

 

Numerological sacralization.

The similarity lies in the recognition of the number seven as a sacred canon of perfection.

Mesopotamia

In the Akkadian «Epic of Gilgamesh», the numeral seven is mentioned repeatedly: «You loved the supremely mighty lion, yet you dug for him seven and again seven pits. You loved the stallion, famed in battle, yet you ordained for him the whip, the goad, and the lash, ordained for him to gallop for seven and seven hours, ordained for him drinking from muddied waters,» (1989KovacsMG:52). The Standard Version was based on an earlier Epic of Gilgamesh that was first composed in the Old Babylonian period (1800-1600 BCE) (1989KovacsMG:xxii). 

 

 


[iii] Notes to Chapter 4

The oldest artifact made of native copper — a pendant forged and polished 10800 years ago — was discovered in Shanidar Cave in the northwestern Zagros Mountains (1969SoleckiRS; 1975SmithCS). Apparently, the ornament was manufactured according to a simplified methodology mastered by the Old Testament figure Tubal-Cain. The production of jewelry from copper nuggets at the Çatalhöyük site in Southern Anatolia began between 7400–5600 BCE (2013BirchT_PernickaE). Around 4200 BCE, at Tepe Yahya in the southern Iranian Plateau, a transition occurred to the use of copper alloys, specifically arsenical bronze (2002ThorntonC_YoungSMM). This type of metallurgy has been present in Anatolia and adjacent territories since 4000–3500 BCE (2015WadsworthJ). 

Iron artifacts from the fifth millennium BCE are likely of meteoric origin (1998PicklesS_PeltenburgE). The oldest example of worked cosmic iron from Egypt consists of beads forged 5200 years ago (2013RehrenT_Szőkefalvi-NagyZ). Smelted iron objects have been identified in very small quantities in Mesopotamia in soil strata dating back to 5000 BCE (2015WadsworthJ). In the metallurgical center of the Timna Valley in the Sinai Desert, small iron ingots were excavated, apparently produced accidentally during copper smelting around 3000 BCE (1972RothenbergB; 2000PenseAW). The later production and forging of terrestrial iron from the Turkish site of Kaman-Kalehöyük dates to 2200–2000 BCE (2008AkanumaH).


(The conclusion compiled by the AI agent, with our minor changes)

Preliminary Conclusion to the Analysis of Genesis Chapter 4

The comparative analysis of Genesis 4 against the backdrop of Ancient Near Eastern and Egyptian sources suggests that the biblical narrative is deeply rooted in a shared cultural and technological horizon, with a particularly strong thematic resonance with Egyptian traditions.

First, a profound ethical and narrative parallel is observed between the biblical account of Cain and the Osirian cycle. The Egyptian «Coffin Texts» (Spell № 837) record Set’s attempt to deceive the gods regarding the murder of his brother Osiris with the phrase «I did not do this», which serves as a striking conceptual precursor to Cain’s evasive response to the Deity: «Am I my brother’s keeper?»

Second, the genealogical structure of Genesis 4, which emphasizes a strictly patriarchal lineage, mirrors the Heliopolitan cosmogony found in the «Bremner-Rhind Papyrus». In this Egyptian tradition, the creator god Ra-Atum is depicted as a singular male progenitor, establishing a model of "masculine" reproduction that bypasses the female principle—a pattern mirrored in the linear genealogies of the antediluvian patriarchs. 

Third, the linguistic and technological contexts further anchor the text in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. While the term Eden finds its etymological roots in the Sumero-Akkadian eden/edinu (plain or steppe), the technological attribution of Tubal-Cain as a master of bronze and iron correlates with archaeological evidence from Chagar Bazar, Tell Asmar, and Timna. The transition from native copper to arsenical bronze and the early ritual use of meteoric and smelted iron (as seen in Egyptian beads and Mesopotamian artifacts) aligns with the era described. 

Finally, the numerological sacredness of the number «seven» present in the «Pyramid Texts», the «Book of the Dead», and the «Epic of Gilgamesh» confirms that the author utilized an established Mediterranean and Mesopotamian symbolic language to denote the absolute fullness of divine retribution and historical completion. 

Summary
This study suggests that the protograph of the Book of Genesis may have originated within an Egyptian cultural environment, subsequently integrating broader Mesopotamian and Anatolian linguistic and technological elements. By synthesizing the Osirian motif of fratricidal deception, the Heliopolitan model of male-centered creation, and the specific metallurgical advancements of the Bronze Age, the author of Genesis 4 constructed a sophisticated theological polemic. This synthesis effectively transformed archaic mythological archetypes into a linear historical narrative concerning the moral and technological development of early humanity.

 Sumer (c. 3300 – before 1900 BCE) britannica.com

The Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2543 – c. 2120 BCE) britannica.com

The Third Dynasty of Ur (22nd – 21st cent. BCE) britannica.com

The First Intermediate period of Egypt (c. 2118 – c. 1980 BCE) britannica.com

The Old Babylonian period of Egypt (2000 – 1595 BCE) onlinelibrary.wiley.com

The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1980 – c. 1760 BCE) britannica.com

The Second Intermediate period of Egypt (c. 1759 – c. 1539 BCE) britannica.com

The New Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1539 – c. 1077 BCE) britannica.com



[vii] Application

Authors of the article

Arkhipov S.V. – Independent Researcher, MD, PhD, Orthopedic Surgeon, Medical Writer, Joensuu, Finland.

Correspondence: Sergey Arkhipov, email: archipovsv @ gmail.com

 

Article history

February 24, 2026 - online version of the article published. 

 

Suggested citation

Arkhipov S.V. The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 4About round ligament of femur. February 24, 2026. 

 

Note

For more detailssee the article


Keywords

Genesis Protograph, Bereshit Protograph, Hyksos-era Scriptorium, Ligamentum Teres, Ligamentum Capitis Femoris, Minoan Eruption Impact, Bronze Age, Middle Egyptian Origin, Cross-cultural Codification, Ancient Medicine, Biblical Chronology



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