Classification of Neoplasms of the LCF

Version: 20240228

Reports on neoplasms of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) are scarce. Among them, we can distinguish malignant and benign neoplasms. We categorized xanthomas and synovial cysts as distinct types of pathological alterations in tissues closely tumors. Primary of the LCF tumors are possible from various types of connective tissue and theoretically from nervous tissue. Neoplasms of the ligament can also be the result of metastasis and infiltration.

Classification of Neoplasms of the LCF (Vers. 2.1.0)

1. Primary malignant tumors
Malignant chondroma
2. Primary benign tumors
Tenosynovial giant cell tumor
Pigmented villonodular synovitis
Synovial chondromatosis
Synovial osteochondroma
Fibromyxoid pseudotumor
3. Metastasis and infiltration
4. Synovial cysts
5. Xanthoma

References

Malignant chondroma

LeConte, R.G., Lee, W.E., Belk, W.P. (1925) Enchondroma of the femur with repeated recurrences and ultimate death. Arch Surg. 11, 93–9. [jamanetwork.com]

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor

Douvlis, G., Tsiridis, C. A., Gamie, Z., Mpintoudi, A., Milonakis, N., Kenanidis, E., ... & Bintoudi, A. (2024). Acetabular Reconstruction in a Rare Case of Ligamentum Teres Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumour (TGCT) Causing Extensive Destruction. Cureus, 16(1). [cureus.com , assets.cureus.com(PDF)]

Singh, P. J., Constable, L., & O’Donnell, J. (2009). Arthroscopic excision of a giant-cell tumour of the ligamentum teres. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume, 91(6), 809-811. [boneandjoint.org.uk]

Fibromyxoid pseudotumor

McLawhorn, A. S., Bansal, M., Swensen, S., Schneider, R., Kelly, B. T., Williams, R. J., & Sink, E. L. (2014). Fibromyxoid pseudotumor of the ligamentum teres treated with fresh osteochondral allograft. Skeletal radiology, 43, 541-546. [link.springer.com]

Synovial osteochondroma

Ajabnoor, R. M., Quinzi, D. A., Carmody, E., & Boyce, B. F. (2022). Intraligamentous synovial osteochondroma of the ligamentum teres: a series of 14 cases. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 15(7), 282. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pigmented villonodular synovitis

Nazal, M. R., Parsa, A., & Martin, S. D. (2019). Arthroscopic treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the hip using puncture capsulotomy. Arthroscopy Techniques, 8(6), e641-e646. [www.sciencedirect.com]

Synovial chondromatosis

Lim, S. J., Chung, H. W., Choi, Y. L., Moon, Y. W., Seo, J. G., & Park, Y. S. (2006). Operative treatment of primary synovial osteochondromatosis of the hip. JBJS, 88(11), 2456-2464. [journals.lww.com]

Lin, C. W., & Wu, C. D. (2018). Primary synovial osteochondromatosis of the hip joint treated with arthroscopic-assisted mini-open surgery-two case reports. Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports, 8(2), 38. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Byrd, J. T., & Jones, K. S. (2000). Prospective analysis of hip arthroscopy with 2-year follow-up. Arthroscopy: the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery, 16(6), 578-587. [rehabeducation.com]

Synovial cysts

Haug, F., & Herzog, R. (2021). Intra-and Periarticular Ganglia (Synovial Cysts) of the Hip with Compression of the Obturator Nerve, Concomitant with Lesions of the Ligamentum Teres – A Report of 3 Cases. Open Journal of Orthopedics, 11(5), 170-182. [scirp.org]

Metastasis and infiltration

Ozaki, T., Putzke, M., Bürger, H., Gosheger, G., Winkelmann, W., & Lindner, N. (2002). Infiltration of sarcomas into the hip joint: comparison of CT, MRI and histologic findings in 67 cases. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 73(2), 220-226. [tandfonline.com]

Alkalay, D., Kollender, Y., Mozes, M., & Meller, I. (1998). Transarticular tumor invasion via ligamentum teres: A clinical-pathologic study of 12 patients. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 69(1), 29-30. [tandfonline.com]

Bickels, J., Meller, I., Henshaw, R., & Malawer, M. (1999). Proximal and total femur resection with endoprosthetic reconstruction. Musculoskeletal cancer surgery, 439-58. [tumorsurgery.org]

Bodden, J., Neumann, J., Rasper, M., Fingerle, A. A., Knebel, C., von Eisenhart-Rothe, R., ... & Woertler, K. (2022). Diagnosis of joint invasion in patients with malignant bone tumors: value and reproducibility of direct and indirect signs on MR imaging. European Radiology, 32(7), 4738-4748. [link.springer.com]

Sasaki, T., Gokita, T., Ae, K., Tanizawa, T., Hayakawa, K., Funauchi, Y., ... & Matsumoto, S. (2020). Osteosarcoma arising from acetabulum extended to femoral head through round ligament: a case report. Oxford Medical Case Reports, 2020(11), omaa076. [academic.oup.com]

Rüdiger, H. A., Dora, C., Bode-Lesniewska, B., & Exner, G. U. (2005). Extra-articular resection of the hip with a posterior column-preserving technique for treatment of an intra-articular malignant lesion: a report of two cases. JBJS, 87(12), 2768-2774. [journals.lww.com]

Schlachter, T. R., Wu, Q., & Matlyuk-Urman, Z. (2011). AIRP best cases in radiologic-pathologic correlation: synovial chondrosarcoma. Radiographics, 31(7), 1883-1888. [pubs.rsna.org]

Afonso, P. D., Weber, M. A., Isaac, A., & Bloem, J. L. (2019, June). Hip and pelvis bone tumors: can you make it simple?. In Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology (Vol. 23, No. 03, pp. e37-e57). Thieme Medical Publishers. [thieme-connect.com]

Pack, G. T., & Ehrlich, H. E. (1946). Exarticulation of the Lower Extremities for Malignant Tumors: Hip Joint Disarticulation (with and without Deep Iliac Dissection) and Sacro-iliac Disarticulation (Hemipelvectomy) Part III. Annals of surgery, 124(1), 1. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, tumor, neoplasms, metastasis, chondromatosis, cysts

In translating to English, the author is assisted by ChatGPT (version 3.5) and the Google Translate service.

BLOG CONTENT

Set of Classifications

Comments

1948EpsteinI

Content [i] Annotation [ii] Original text [iii] Illustration [iv] Source & links [v] Notes [vi] Authors & Affiliations [vii] Keywords [i] Annotation Fragments from the book: Epstein I. Babylonian Talmud. Seder Kodashim. Vol. 2. Hullin (1948). The editor comments on the words of Rabbi Samuel (Shmuel) in the tractate Hullin of the Babylonian Talmud, explaining the location of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in relation to the joint and its differences from the sciatic nerve. The original in Russian is available at: 1948EpsteinI . [ii] Original text Quote p. 500 Hullin. Chapter 7.89b MISHNAH. [THE PROHIBITION OF] THE SCIATIC NERVE(1) IS IN FORCE BOTH WITHIN THE HOLY LAND AND OUTSIDE IT, BOTH DURING THE EXISTENCE OF THE TEMPLE AND AFTER IT, IN RESPECT OP BOTH UNCONSECRATED AND CONSECRATED [ANIMALS]. IT APPLIES TO CATTLE AND TO WILD ANIMALS, TO THE RIGHT AND LEFT HIP, BUT IT DOES NOT APPLY TO BIRDS BECAUSE THEY HAVE NO SPOON-SHAPED HIP(2). IT ALSO APPLIES TO A F...

1753AstrucJ

Content [i] Annotation [ii] Original text (in French) [iii] English translation [iv] Source & links [v] Notes [vi] Authors & Affiliations [vii] Keywords [i] Annotation Fragments from the book: Astruc J . Conjectures sur les memoires originaux dont il paroit que Moyse s'est servi pour composer le livre de la Genese (Conjectures on the Original Documents Which Moses Apparently Used in Compiling the Book of Genesis, 1753). In analyzing the book of Genesis, the author cites a French text mentioning a hip injury, damage to the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), and the consequences of an accident. An Russian translation is available at: 1753AstrucJ . [ii] Original text (in French) Quote p. 176 Genesis. Chap. XXXII A 25. Et quand cest hommeld vid qu’il ne le pouvoit vaincre, il toucha l'enrdroit de l'emboifiement de la hanche d'icelui: ainsi l'emboifiement de l'os de la hanche de Jacob fut entors quand l'homme luictoit avec lui. Quote p. 177...

1845HollsteinL

Fragments from the book Hollstein L. Compendium der Anatomie des Menschen (1865). The author discusses the anatomy of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), and mentions its synonyms. The text is prepared for machine translation using a service built into the blog from Google or your web browser. Quote p. 144 Das Lig am. teres s. rotundum femoris (Fig. 50, 7.) hat eine dreieckige Gestalt, und ist mit seiner Basis in dem Fundus acetabuli, mit seiner rundlichen Spitze in der Fovea capitis ossis femoris befestigt. Es besteht aus einem Bündel Sehnenfasern, und erhält von der Synovialmembran einen scheidenformigen Ueberzug; bisweilen existirt letzterer allein, und manchmal felilt das Band ganz und gar. Fig. 50. Seitliche Ansicht der Bänder des Beckens und Hüftgelenks. Quote p. 145 Die weite Synovialmembran überzieht den Schenkelkopf, geht alsdann als Scheide des Ligam. teres zur Gelenkpfanne über, welche sie ebenfalls auskleidet, und schlägt sich hierauf über die ...

Vertebrates

VERTEBRATES According to the molecular clock, a specific method for dating phylogenetic events, vertebrates (Vertebrata) separated from arthropods (Arthropoda) 976±97 Ma (2004HedgesSB_ShoeJL). The latter began to dominate in species diversity with the Cambrian burst of radiation, which occurred 520 Ma (2010EdgecombeGD). This ratio in the fauna of the Earth is still preserved. Approximately 525 Ma, the phylum Chordates separated from the group of bilaterally symmetrical animals (1995ChenJY_ZhouGQ). In turn, the evolution of chordate organisms led to the formation of the first vertebrates at least 500 Ma, from which the jawed mouths 450-400 Ma descended, becoming the ancestors of the placoderms or "armored" fish (Placodermi) (1979 НаумовНП _ КарташевНН ). Sculptural reconstruction of the placoderm Coccosteus from the order Arthrodires, Middle Devonian, 393.3-382.7 Ma ; exposition of the Orlov Paleontological Museum (Moscow); photo by the author. The first cartilaginou...

Inferior Portal. Part 1.

Original in Russian is available at the link: Нижний портал. Часть 1. below is a machine translation edited by a non-native speaker ( version dated 03/02/2025 ) . INFERIOR PORTAL FOR HIP ARTHROSCOPY: A PILOT STUDY PART 1. Background and Hypothesis Arkhipov S.V., Independent Researcher, Joensuu, Finland Abstract: The article presents, theoretically and graphically substantiates the technique of a new arthroscopic approach to the central compartment of the hip joint. It is proposed to introduce the optical system of the arthroscope from below through the acetabular notch without traction. Similar approaches were used for puncture, arthroscopy, arthrography, and arthrotomy of the hip joint. Diagnostics using the described lower portal will exclude complications caused by distraction of the leg and compression of the perineal support during surgery. CONTENTS PART 1. Background and Hypothesis [1] . Introduction [2] . Passage through t...

LCF in 2026 (May)

LCF in 2026 (May ) (Quotes from articles and books published in May 2026 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris) Kim, P. S., Kang, C., Lee, J. K., & Hwang, J. M. (2026). Hip arthroscopy to treat symptomatic paralabral cysts: a retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes. Arthroscopy and Orthopedic Sports Medicine , 13 (1), 27-34. [i] e-aosm.org Ko, H. Y. (2026). Vascular Anatomy of the Extremities and Lungs. In Practical Functional Anatomy for Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: A Guide for Physiatrists and Rehabilitation Specialists (pp. 191-223). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. [ii] link.springer.com Aiba, H., Yamaguchi, M., Kimura, H., & Murakami, H. (2026). Advances in limb-salvage surgery and reconstruction for pediatric bone and soft tissue tumors. Frontiers in Pediatrics , 14 , 1817788. [iii] pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Bajwa, A., Villar, R., ...

1943SinzWA

Sinz WA , s culpture Jacob and the Angel (1943). Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Walter A. Sinz – Jacob and the Angel (1943). Ceramic. Gift of Hilda Kisella (2007.187) ; original in clevelandart.org collect...

Inferior Portal. Part 2.

Original in Russian is available at the link: Нижний портал. Часть 2. below is a machine translation edited by a non-native speaker. INFERIOR PORTAL FOR HIP ARTHROSCOPY: A PILOT STUDY PART 2. Inferior Portal Prototypes Arkhipov S.V., Independent Researcher, Joensuu, Finland CONTENTS PART 1. Background and Hypothesis [1] . Introduction [2] . Passage through the Inferior Portal [3] . Main Advantages of the Proposed Technique [4] . Specific Risks of the Proposed Technique [5] . Main Limitations of the Proposed Technique [6] . References (Part 1) PART 2. Inferior Portal Prototypes [7] . Open Reduction [8] . Puncture and Arthrography [9] . Arthroscopy and Debridement [10] . References (Part 2) [7] . Open R eduction Our idea to reduce the trauma of hip joint surgery through an inferior approach has a rich history. In the spring of 1907, Professor Karl Rudolf Ludloff (1864-1945, photo )...

1914RickettsCS

Ricketts C.S. , Jacob Wrestling with the Angel (before 1914). Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Charles S. Ricketts – Jacob Wrestling with the Angel (before 1914). Presented by Miss Katherine Harris Bradley, origina...

150-200Pseudo-Galen

Fragment from the treatise Pseudo-Galen Introduction, or the Physician ( Εἰσαγωγὴ ἢ Ἰτρός ; Introductio, seu Medicus; ca. 150-200 [our opinion]). The author notes the connecting function of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and also specifies the proximal and distal attachment sites. See our commentary at the link: 150-200Pseudo-Galen [Rus]. Quote [Grc] Εἰσαγωγὴ ἢ Ἰτρός . K εφ . ιβ . [ Περί όστεολογἰας .] μηρου δέ έν μεν οστούν . συμβάλλει δε επικεκαμμένη μετρίως τη κεφαλή αυτού εις βαθείαν κοτύλην του ισχίου και νεύρῳ απήρτηται εκφυομένω εκ μέσης της κοτύλης και εμφυομένω εις μέσην την κεφαλήν του μηρού . (original source: 1827KühnCG, pp. 723-724) [Lat Introductio, seu Medicus. Cap. XII. [De osteologia] Femoris os unum est, cujus caput leniter reflexum in coxae profundum sinum conjicitur. Quam commissuram nervus, qui e medio sinu prodit et in medium femoris caput inseritur, continet. (original source: 1827KühnCG, pp. 723-724) Translation [Eng] Introduction, or the Phy...

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