Homo neanderthalensis

HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS

Homo neanderthalensis flourished 500-30 thousand years ago in Europe and Asia. It is assumed that its ancestor could have been Homo ergaster or Homo heidelbergensis (2005KleinR).

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis «Mr. N» Neanderthal Museum in Mettmann, fragment of the original photograph; source in the wikimedia.org collection (license CC BY-SA 4.0, no changes).

Neanderthal, late type, the old man from La Chapelle-aux-Saints, reconstruction by M.M. Gerasimov; exposition of the Orlov Paleontological Museum (Moscow); photo by the author.

A reconstruction of the pelvis of the Neanderthal "Kebara 2" (Israel), whose remains are dated to 64-59 Kya (2021AdegboyegaMT_WeaverTD), is known. The well-preserved right pelvic bone (Fig. 1) has a large acetabulum with fossa and acetabular notch, indicating the presence of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF).

Neanderthal pelvis, right acetabulum view from the lateral side (3-D model); original image on sketchfab.com.

The configuration of the acetabulum of Homo neanderthalensis leaves no doubt about the presence of LCF in this species. Additional evidence is the fossa of the femoral head. We were unable to personally examine the femoral head of Homo neanderthalensis with a fovea for LCF. The presence of the said structure in Homo neanderthalensis is confirmed in the dissertation of K.H. Tamvada (2015), which examines in detail the biomechanics of the femur of this species. In particular, the author, modeling the proximal femur and its movements, identifies the fovea capitis node «to imitate the ligamentum teres».

References

Klein R. Hominin dispersals in the Old World. In: Scarre C (Ed). The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. Thames & Hudson, 2005:84-123. [researchgate.net]

Adegboyega MT, Stamos PA, Hublin JJ, Weaver TD. Virtual reconstruction of the Kebara 2 Neanderthal pelvis. Journal of Human Evolution. 2021;151:102922. [academia.edu]

Tamvada KH. The biomechanical and behavioral significance of the Neanderthal femur. Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024). 1522. University at Albany, State University of New York, 2015. [scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu]

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, doctrine, homo neanderthalensis

The original text in Russian is available at the link: Homo neanderthalensis

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BLOG CONTENT

999–10 Kya

Comments

Set of Classifications

General Classification of LCF Pathology Version : 20240420 Annotation Analysis of literature data and our own morphological observations allowed us to propose a General Classification of LCF Pathology. Introduction In Russia, the initial attempts to classify pathology of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) were made by morphologists. L.I. Gaevskaya distinguished three types of LCF: 1) long and thick (length 41–51 mm, thickness 5 mm), 2) short and thin (length 10–20 mm, thickness 1 mm), 3) long and of small thickness (length 43–45 mm, with a thickness of 3 mm, and length 28–30 mm with a thickness of 4–5 mm) (1954 ГаевскаяЛИ ). V.V. Kovanov, A.A. Travin identified three varieties of histological structure of LCF: 1) with a predominance of loose connective tissue; 2) with a predominance of dense connective tissue; 3) with a uniform distribution of loose and dense connective tissue ( 1963 КовановВВ _ ТравинАА ). The development of arthroscopic surgery has made it possible to i...

Topography of the Acetabular Canal

Version : 20250728 Topography of the Acetabular Canal Side Femoral (lateral) Pelvic (medial) Contents Synovial fluid Ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) White adipose tissue Loose connective tissue Synovial membrane Transverse acetabular ligament Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphatic vessels Sections Peripheral section Central section Subsynovial section Suprasynovial section Peripheral Section Entrance foramen -- Upper edge -- Lower edge -- Anterior edge -- Posterior edge External segment (subligamentous) - Superior wall - Inferior wall - Posterior wall - Anterior wall Internal segment (extraligamentous) - Subsynovial part (tier) -- Superior wall -- Inferior wall -- Posterior wall -- Anterior wall - Suprasinovial part (tier) -- Superior wall -- Inferior wall -- Posterior wall -- Anterior wall Central Section Iliac recess Ischial recess Subsynovial part (tier) - Outer margin - Medial wall - Lateral wall - Anteroinferior wall - Posteroinferior wall - Supra...

LCF in 2025 (July)

LCF in 2025 ( July ) (Quotes from articles and books published in July 2025 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris.) Tekcan, D., Bilgin, G., & Güven, Ş. Evaluation of Risk Factors for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. HAYDARPAŞA NUMUNE MEDICAL JOURNAL , 65 (2), 99-103. [i] jag.journalagent.com Domb, B. G., & Sabetian, P. W. (2025). Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome: Gluteal Tendinopathy, Partial Tear, Complete Tear, Iliotibial Band Syndrome, and Bursitis. In Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (pp. 1-17). Springer, Cham. [ii] link.springer.com Kuhns, B. D., Becker, N., Patel, D., Shah, P. P., & Domb, B. G. (2025). Significant Heterogeneity in Existing Literature Limits Both Indication and Outcome Comparability Between Studies Involving Periacetabular Osteotomy For Acetabular Dysplasia With or Without Arthroscopy Despite Improvement for Both: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy . [iii] ...

BLOG CONTENT

T he ligament of the head of femur or ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) is the key to a graceful gait and understanding the causes of hip joint diseases. We present promising scientific knowledge necessary for preserving health, to create new implants and techniques of treating degenerative pathology and damage of the hip joint. Project objective : preserving a normal gait and quality of life, helping to study of hip joint biomechanics, developing effective treatments for its diseases and injuries. In translating to English, the author is assisted by ChatGPT (version 3.5) and the Google Translate service . We're sorry for any flaws in the syntax. The meaning makes up for the imperfections! TABLES OF CONTENTS Acetabular Canal (Anatomy, topography and significance of the functioning area of the ligamentum capitis femoris) Acetabular Canal. Part 1. This article describes the space where the ligam...

Online Journal «ABOUT ROUND LIGAMENT OF FEMUR», June 2025

The journal is dedicated to the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and related topics About the Journal »»» . The online journal « About Round Ligament of Femur » was created based on the scientific blog of the same name. The resource is the English-language part of the project: ONLINE JOURNAL: Ligamentum capitis femoris . Updates: As new materials are prepared. Mission : Popularization and preservation of knowledge about LCF, as well as promoting its practical application. Main goal: Improvement of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of injuries and diseases of the hip joint. Publisher: Arkhipov S.V., independent researc...

1864MacalisterA

Content [i] Annotaction [ii] Original in English [iii] Translated into German [iv] Illustrations [v] Source & links [vi] Notes [vii] Authors & Affiliations [viii] Keywords [i] Annotaction Fragment of the article: Macalister A. On the anatomy of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) (1864). The author observed ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in an ostrich. Its strength is noted, and its shape is described. Translation into Russian is available at the link: 1864MacalisterA . [ii] Original in English Quote, p. 22 The articulations of the lower extremity present many points of mechanical importance. The first, or the hip, is an enarthrosis, surrounded by a capsule, loose, expanding inferiorly; the synovial membrane spreads over the great trochanter; a strong transverse band passes from the border of the lesser sciatic notch to the upper and posterior edge of the acetab...

1835CooperAP

Fragments of the book Cooper AP. Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Surgery (1835) dedicated to ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). The author discusses LCF injury during hip dislocation and notes the important role of its blood vessels in supplying the femoral head. Quote p. 577 DISLOCATIONS OF THE HIP JOINT … It generally happens when the thighs are widely separated from each other, that the ligamentum teres and capsular ligament are torn through, and the head of the bone is situated on the obturator externus muscle at the inner and back part of the thigh. Quote pp. 584-585 ON DISLOCATIONS OF THE THIGH BONE … But the third and principal reason is, the almost entire absence of ossific union in the head of the bone when detached from its cervix. The principal supply of blood to the head of the bone being derived from the ligamentum teres, which has only a few minute vessels ramifying from it on the bone, the natural supply of blood for the neck and head ...

Online Journal «ABOUT ROUND LIGAMENT OF FEMUR», May 2025

OLDEST SYNONYMS

There are more than 100 terms for ligamentum capitis femoris. The oldest synonyms: Sumer (ca. 5500 – ca. 2004 BCE): [sa] [Eng] 911-612bcK2453 https://roundligament.blogspot.com/2024/09/911-612bck2453.html For more details, see the comment from: [Rus] 911-612bcK2453 https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/09/911-612bck2453.html Ancient Egypt (ca. 3150 BC – 332 BCE): [mt /met] [Eng] 1650-1550bcImhotep the Younger https://roundligament.blogspot.com/2024/09/1650-1550bcimhotep-younger.html For more details, see the comment from: [Rus] 1650-1550bcImhotep the Younger https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/09/1650-1550bcimhotep-younger.html Akkadian Empire (ca. 2334 – 2154 BCE): [nimsu] [Eng] 2000-1600bcBM29663 https://roundligament.blogspot.com/2024/09/2000-1600bcbm29663.html For more details, see the comment from: [Rus] 2000-1600bcBM29663 https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/09/2000-1600bcbm29663.html Ancient Israel and Judah (ca...

Online Journal «ABOUT ROUND LIGAMENT OF FEMUR», February 2025

SCIENTIFIC THEMATIC ONLINE JOURNAL « About Round Ligament of Femur » February, 2025 The publication is dedicated to the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and related topics. About the Journal The online journal « About Round Ligament of Femur » was created based on the scientific blog of the same name. Updates: As new materials are prepared. Purpose: Popularization and preservation of knowledge about LCF, as well as promoting its practical application. Main goal: Improvement of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of injuries and diseases of the hip joint. Announcements 25.02.2025 A Facebook group « LIGAMENTUM CAPITIS FEMORIS » has been created. 26.02.2025 The scientific blog « About Round Ligament of Femur » has been transformed into an online journal of the same name. Surgical Treatment ...

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