Skip to main content

1844LittreE

 

Quote in Greek from the treatise «Mochlicus» (Instruments of Reductions) by Hippocrates of Cos (born 460 BCE) mentioning ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). The Greek text was edited and translated into French by Emile LittréÉ. In the original work, LCF is called «νεῦρον». The classical translation of this treatise into English was performed by the Francis Adams (1886AdamsF). Fragments from the book Littré É. Oeuvres complétes d'Hippocrate (1844):

Quote

[Grc]

ΜΟΧΛΙΚΟΣ. 1.

Ὀστέων φύσις· δακτύλων μὲν ἁπλᾶ καὶ ὀστέα καὶ ἄρθρα· χειρὸς δὲ καὶ ποδὸς πουλλὰἄλλα ἀλλοίως συνηρθρωμένα· μέγιστα δὲ τὰ ἀνωτάτω· πτέρνης δὲ ἓν οἷον ἔξω φαίνεταιπρὸς δὲ αὐτὴν οἱ ὀπίσθιοι τένοντες τείνουσινΚνήμης δὲ δύοἄνωθεν καὶ κάτωθεν ξυνεχόμενακατὰ μέσον δὲ διέχοντα σμικρόν· τὸ ἔξωθενκατὰ τὸν σμικρὸν δάκτυλον λεπτότερον βραχεῖπλεῖστον δὲ ταύτῃ διεχούσῃ καὶ σμικροτέρῃ ῥοπῇ κατὰ γόνυκαὶ ὁ τένων ἐξ αὐτοῦ πέφυκενὁ παρὰ τὴν ἰγγύην ἔξω· ἔχουσι δὲ κάτωθεν κοινὴν ἐπίφυσινπρὸς ἣν ὁ ποὺς κινέεται· ἄλλην δὲ ἄνωθεν ἔχουσιν ἐπίφυσινἐν ᾗ τὸ τοῦ μηροῦ ἄρθρον κινέεταιἁπλόον καὶ εὐσταλὲς ὡς ἐπὶ μήκει· εἶδος κονδυλῶδεςἔχον ἐπιμυλίδα· αὐτὸς δ᾿ ἔγκυρτος ἔξω καὶ ἔμπροσθεν·ἡ δὲ κεφαλὴ ἐπίφυσίς ἐστι στρογγύλη, ἐξ ἧς τὸ νεῦρον τὸ ἐν τῇ κοτύλῃ τοῦ ἰσχίου πέφυκεν ὑποπλάγιον δὲ καὶ τοῦτο προσήρτηταιἧσσον δὲ βραχίονοςΤὸ δ᾿ ἰσχίον προσίσχεται πρὸς τῷ μεγάλῳ σπονδύλῳ τῷ παρὰ τὸ ἱερὸν ὀστέονχονδρονευρώδει δεσμῷῬάχις δὲ ἀπὸ μὲν τοῦ ἱεροῦ ὀστέου μέχρι τοῦ μεγάλου σπονδύλου κυφή· κύστις τε καὶ γονὴ καὶ ἀρχοῦ τὸ ἐγκεκλιμένονἐν τούτῳ· ἀπὸ δὲ τούτου ἄχρι φρενῶν ἦλθεν ἡ ἰθύλορδοςκαὶ αἱ ψόαι κατὰ τοῦτοἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἄχρι τοῦ μεγάλου σπονδύλουτοῦ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐπωμίδωνἰθυκυφής· ἔτι δὲ μᾶλλον δοκέειἢ ἐστίν·αἱ γὰρ ὄπισθεν τῶν σπονδύλων ἀποφύσιες ταύτῃ ὑψηλόταται τὸ δὲ τοῦ αὐχένος ἄρθρονλορδόνΣπόνδυλοι δὲ ἔσωθεν ἄρτιοι πρὸς ἀλλήλουςἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἔξωθεν χόνδρων νεύρῳ συνεχόμενοι·ἡ δὲ ξυνάρθρωσις αὐτῶνἐν τῷ ὄπισθεν τοῦ νωτιαίου· ὄπισθεν δὲ ἔχουσιν ἔκφυσιν ὀξείηνἔχουσαν ἐπίφυσιν χονδρώδεαἔνθεν νεύρων ἀπόφυσις καταφερὴςὥσπερ καὶ οἱ μύες παραπεφύκασιν ἀπὸ αὐχένος ἐς ὀσφὺνπληρεῦντες δὲ πλευρέων καὶ ἀκάνθης τὸ μέσονΠλευραὶ δὲ κατὰ τὰς διαφύσιας τῶν σπονδύλων νευρίῳ προσπεφύκασιν ἀπ᾿ αὐχένος ἐς ὀσφὺν ἔσωθενἐπίπροσθεν δὲ κατὰ τὸ στῆθοςχαῦνον καὶ μαλθακὸν τὸ ἄκρον ἔχουσαι· εἶδος ῥαιβοειδέστατον τῶν ζώων· στενότατος γὰρ ταύτῃ ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐπ᾿ ὄγκον· ᾗ δὲ δὴ πλευρῇσιν ἔκφυσις πλαγίη βραχείη καὶ πλατείηἐφ᾿ ἑκάστῳ σπονδύλῳ νευρίῳ προσπεφύκασινΣτῆθος δὲ ξυνεχὲς αὐτὸ ἑωυτῷδιαφύσιας ἔχον πλαγίαςᾗ πλευραὶ προσήρτηνταιχαῦνον δὲ καὶ χονδρῶδεςΚληῗδες δὲ περιφερέες ἐς τοὔμπροσθενἔχουσαι πρὸς μὲν τὸ στῆθος βραχείας κινήσιαςπρὸς δὲ τὸ ἀκρώμιον συχνοτέραςἈκρώμιον δὲ ἐξ ὠμοπλατέων πέφυκενἀνομοίως τοῖσι πλείστοισινὨμοπλάτη δὲ χονδρώδης τὸ πρὸς ῥάχιντὸ δ᾿ ἄλλο χαύνητὸ ἀνώμαλον ἔξω ἔχουσααὐχένα δὲ καὶ κοτύλην ἔχουσα χονδρώδεαἐξ ἧς αἱ πλευραὶ κίνησιν ἔχουσινεὐαπόλυτος ἐοῦσα ὀστέωνπλὴν βραχίονοςΤούτου δὲ ἐκ τῆς κοτύλης νευρίῳ ἡ κεφαλὴ ἐξήρτηταιχόνδρου χαύνου περιφερῆ ἐπίφυσιν ἔχουσα· αὐτὸς δ᾿ ἔγκυρτος ἔξω καὶ ἔμπροσθενπλάγιοςοὐκ ὀρθὸς πρὸς κοτύληνΤὸ δὲ πρὸς ἀγκῶνα αὐτοῦπλατὺ καὶ κονδυλῶδες καὶ βαλβιδῶδες καὶ στερεὸνἔγκοιλον ὄπισθενἐν ᾧ ἡ κορώνη ἡ ἐκ τοῦ πήχεοςὅταν ἐκταθῇ ἡ χεὶρἔνεστιν· ἐς τοῦτο καὶ τὸ ναρκῶδες νεῦρονὃ ἐκ τῆς διαφύσιος τῶν τοῦ πήχεος ὀστέωνἐκ μέσωνἐκπέφυκε καὶ περαίνεται. (original source: 1844LittreE, pp. 340-344)


Translation

[Fra]

MOCHLIQUE. 1.

1. Disposition des os: Aux doigts les os et les articulations sont simples; la main et le pied en contiennent beaucoup, articulés les uns d'une façon, les autres d'une autre, les plus gros sont les plus rapprochés du tronc; le talon est constitué par un seul os, que l'on voit saillant en arrière, et qui donne attache aux tendons postérieurs. La jambe est composée de deux os, unis en haut et en bas, séparés un peu dans le milieu; l'os externe (''péroné''), est de peu plus petit que l'autre du côté du petit orteil, mais il l'est de beaucoup là où les deux os sont séparés, et du coté du genou. De cet os naît le tendon qui est en dehors du jarret; les deux os ont en bas une épiphyse commune dans laquelle le pied se meut, et en haut une autre épiphyse où se meut l'extrémité articulaire du fémur. Celle ci est simple et légère proportionnement à la longueur de l'os; elle est en forme de condyle et pourvue d'une rotule; le corps même de l'os est bombé en dehors et en avant; la tète en est une épiphyse ronde, de laquelle provient le ligament fixé dans la cavité cotyloïde. Le fémur aussi est articulé un peu obliquement, mais moins que l'humérus. L'ischion tient à la grande vertèbre, celle qui est contiguë à l'os sacré, par un ligament névro-cartilagineux (''ligament ilio-lombaire''). Le rachis, depuis [l'extrémité du] sacrum jusqu'à la grande vertèbre, est saillant en arrière; dans la concavité sont la vessie, les organes de la génération et la partie inclinée du rectum; de là jusqu'au diaphragme, il est dirigé en ligne droite et saillant en avant, les psoas sont là; de là jusqu'à la grande vertèbre, au-dessus des épaules, il est en ligne droite et saillant en arrière, mais il l'est encore plus en apparence qu'en réalité, car les apophyses postérieures des vertèbres sont, là, le plus élevées: au cou, le racbis est saillant en avant. Les vertèbres forment en avant un assemblage régulier; elles sont réunies par un ligament (''fibro-cartilage'') qui naît de la couche cartilagineuse extérieure; l'articulation synarthrodiale en est placée derrière la moelle épinière. En arrière, elles ont une apophyse aiguë, qui, à son tour, a une apophyse cartilagineuse; de là partent des ligaments qui se dirigent en bas, de même que les muscles qui s'étendent depuis le cou jusqu'aux lombes, et qui remplissent l'intervalle entre les côtes et l'épine. Les côtes sont jointes, en arrière aux entre-deux des vertèbres; par un petit ligament depuis le cou jusqu'aux lombes, en avant au sternum; l'extrémité en est molle, et non compacte; la forme n'en est aussi arquée chez aucun animal: l'homme, pour son volume, est celui qui a la poitrine la plus étroite d'avant en arrière; dans l'endroit où elles ont une tubérosilé oblique, courte et large, elles s'articulent avec chaque vertèbre par un petit ligament. Le sternum est continu avec lui-même, offrant des interstices latéraux qui reçoivent les côtes: il est spongieux et cartilagineux. Les clavicules sont arrondies en avant; elles ont des mouvements, très-courts au sternum, plus amples à l'acromion. L'acromion naît de l'omoplate, disposition différente de ce qui est chez la plupart des animaux. L'omoplate est cartilagineuse du côté du rat lus, spongieuse dans le reste, tournée en dehors par sa partie inégale, pourvue d'un col et d'une cavité cartilagineuse; elle n'empêche pas les côtes de se mouvoir, car elle se détache facilement des os, excepté de l'humérus. La tête de celui-ci est attachée à la cavité de l'omoplate par un ligament mince, et elle est revêtue d'une couche arrondie de cartilage non compacte; le corps même de l'os est bombé en dehors et en avant, oblique et non peipendiculaire à la cavité; l'extrémité cubitale en est large, avec des condyles et des enfoncements ; elle est solide et présente en arrière un creux où l'apophyse courbe du cubitus (''olecrane'') se loge quand le bras est dans l'extension; là aussi arrive le nerf engourdissant, qui naît du milieu de l'interstice des os de l'avant bras, et se tei mine. (original source: 1844LittreE, pp. 341-345)


[Eng]

MOCHLICUS. 1.

With regard to the construction of bones, the bones and joints of the fingers are simple, the bones of the hand and foot are numerous, and articulated in various ways ; the uppermost are the largest ; the heel consists of one bone which is seen to project outwards, and the back tendons are attached to it. The leg consists of two bones, united together above and below, but slightly separated in the middle; the external bone (fibula), where it comes into proximity with the little toe, is but slightly smaller than the other, more so where they are separated, and at the knee, the outer hamstring arises from it (The tendon of the biceps); these bones have a common epiphysis below, with which the foot is moved, and another epiphysis above, in which is moved the articular extremity of the femur, which is simple and light in proportion to its length, in the form of a condyle, and having the patella (connected with it ?), the femur itself bends outwards and forwards; its head is a round epiphysis which gives origin to the ligament inserted in the acetabulum of the hip-joint [translator's note: Allusion is evidently made to the ligamentum teres]. This bone is articulated somewhat obliquely, but less so than the humerus. The ischium is united to the great vertebra contiguous to the os sacrum by a cartilaginous ligament. The spine, from the os sacrum to the great vertebra, is curved backwards; in this quarter are situated the bladder, the organs of generation, and the inclined portion of the rectum; from this to the diaphragm it proceeds in a straight line inclining forwards, and the psoae are situated there; from this pointy to the great vertebra above the tops of the shoulders, it rises in a line that is curved backwards, and the curvature appears greater than it is in reality, for the posterior processes of the spine are there highest; the articulation of the neck inclines forwards. The vertebrae on the inside are regularly placed upon one another, but behind they are connected by a cartilaginous ligament; they are articulated in the form of synarthrosis at the back part of the spinal marrow; behind they have a sharp process having a cartilaginous epiphysis, whence proceeds the roots of nerves running downwards, as also muscles extending from the neck to the loins, and filling the space between the ribs and the spine. The ribs are connected to all the intervertebral spaces on the inside, from the neck to the lumbar region, by a small ligament, and before to the sternum, their extremities being spongy and soft; their form is the most arched in man of all animals; for in this part, man is, of all animals, the narrowest in proportion to his bulk. The ribs are united to each vertebra by a small ligament at the place from which the short and broad lateral processes (transverse processes?) arise. The sternum is one continuous bone, having lateral pits for the insertion of the ribs; it is of a spongy and cartilaginous structure. The clavicles are rounded in front, having some slight movements at the sternum, but more free at the acromion. The acromion, in man, arises from the scapula differently from most other animals. The scapula is cartilaginous towards the spine, and spongy elsewhere, having an irregular figure externally; its neck and articular cavity cartilaginous; it does not interfere with the movements of the ribs, and is free of all connexion with the other bones, except the humerus. The head of the humerus is articulated with its (glenoid?) cavity, by means of a small ligament, and it consists of a rounded epiphysis composed of spongy cartilage, the humerus itself is bent outwards and forwards, and it is articulated with its (glenoid?) cavity by its side, and not in a straight line. At the elbow it is broad, and has condyles and cavities, and is of a solid consistence; behind it is a cavity in which the coronoid process (olecranon?) of the ulna is lodged when the arm is extended; here, too, is inserted the benumbing nerve, which arises from between the two bones of the fore-arm at their junction, and terminates there. (original source: 1886AdamsF, pp. 161-163)  



References

Littré É. Oeuvres complétes d'Hippocrate / traduction nouvelle avec le texte grec en regard, collationne sur les manuscrits et toutes les editions; accompagnée d'une introduction, de commentaires médicaux, de variants et de notes philologiques; suivie d'une table générale des matières, par É. Littré T.IV. A Paris: chez J.-B.Baillière, 1844. [books.google]

Adams F. The genuine works of Hippocrates; tr. from the Greek, with a preliminary discourse and annotations by Francis Adams; in 2 vol., Vol.2. New York: William Wood & Company, 1886. [books.google] 

Authors & Affiliations

Émile Maximilien Paul Littré (1801-1881) was a French lexicographer, freemason and philosopher. [wikipedia.org]

Émile Maximilien Paul Littré (ca. 1865)
The author of the image is Jean-Baptiste-Adolphe Lafoss;
original in the wikipedia.org collection (CC0 – Public Domain, color correction)

Keywords

synonyms, ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, anatomy, Hippocrates

                                                                    

NB! Fair practice / use: copied for the purposes of criticism, review, comment, research and private study in accordance with Copyright Laws of the US: 17 U.S.C. §107; Copyright Law of the EU: Dir. 2001/29/EC, art.5/3a,d; Copyright Law of the RU: ГК РФ ст.1274/1.1-2,7

BLOG CONTENT

 ANCIENT MENTIONS

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

NEWS 2024-2025

  New publications of our resource   in 2024-2025 January 01, 2026 LCF in 2025 (December)   Q uotes from articles and b ooks published in December 2025 mentioning the LCF.  1946SpychalskiJ  Painting, Drawing depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the LCF injury.   1975BorsosM Painting, Drawing depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the LCF injury.  13c.Soligalich  Icon, Drawing depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the LCF injury. December 31, 2025 Tweet of December 31, 2025   Online Journ al «ABOUT R OUND LIGAMENT OF FEMUR», December 2025 December 30, 2025 Tweet of December 30, 2025 December 29, 2025 Tweet of Decembe r 29, 2025    Arkhipov SV. Improving Postoperative Comfort    (facebook) December 28, 2025 Arkhipov SV.  Improving Postoperative Comfort and Increasing the Reliability of Hip Prostheses by Supplementing with Artificial Ligaments December 23, 2025 University_of_G uelph(...

LCF in 2026 (May)

LCF in 2026 (May )  (Quotes from articles and books published in May   2026 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris)   Kim, P. S., Kang, C., Lee, J. K., & Hwang, J. M. (2026). Hip arthroscopy to treat symptomatic paralabral cysts: a retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes. Arthroscopy and Orthopedic Sports Medicine , 13 (1), 27-34.     [i]     e-aosm.org   Ko, H. Y. (2026). Vascular Anatomy of the Extremities and Lungs. In Practical Functional Anatomy for Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: A Guide for Physiatrists and Rehabilitation Specialists (pp. 191-223). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.      [ii] link.springer.com   Aiba, H., Yamaguchi, M., Kimura, H., & Murakami, H. (2026). Advances in limb-salvage surgery and reconstruction for pediatric bone and soft tissue tumors. Frontiers in Pediatrics , 14 , 1817788.      [iii]     pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov   Bajwa, A., Villar, R., ...

Localization of LCF Pathology

  Version : 20240418 Localization of LCF pathology is classified based on the anatomical-topographical principle. It is assumed that the LCF does not end near the attachment site but penetrates into it. LOCALIZATION OF LCF PATHOLOGY 1. Middle part 2. Distal end 3. Proximal end 4. Distal attachment area 5. Proximal attachment area 6. Medial surface 7. Lateral surface 8. Anterior edge 9. Posterior edge 10. Transsynovial 11. Subsynovial 12. Total Lesion The medial surface faces the bottom of the acetabulum. The lateral surface faces the femoral head. Transsynovial pathology implies changes including or only involving the synovial membrane. Subsynovial pathology is localized exclusively beneath the synovial membrane of LCF. Pathology can involve multiple parts of LCF, for example, damage to the distal end and proximal attachment area in a transacetabular fracture.   The distal part of LCF attaches directly to the bone of fovea capitis femoris. Along...

1898AshhurstJ

    Report Ashhurst J. Tuberculosis of the hip joint (1898). The author discusses the function of the LCF as a supporting element of the body, its role in the development of deformity of the hip joint, reducing pressure and stress in the femoral head. The most notable quotes:  «Of course, the whole weight of the body is not sustained by this ligament, but mostly by the head of the femur in more or less close contact with the cotyloid cavity; but this ligament, I believe, serves to diminish the pressure of the pelvis upon the head of the bone, and to lessen strain. The position of the ligamentum teres is like that of the old-fasioned leather springs which used to be found in stage- coaches, the body of the coach being balanced upon two broad strong bands of leather. The pelvis is to a certain extent similarly balanced upon these ligaments on either side, which are attached to the heads of the thigh- bones, and then pass down to the lower edges of the cotyloid cavities. I b...

1879BischoffTLW

  A fragment from the work by Bischoff TLW. Beiträge zur Anatomie des Gorilla (1879). The paper discusses the size of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) of gorilla.   Quote p. 1 8. [Deu] 5. Muskeln der unteren Extremität. Ich erwähne zunächst, dass mein Gorilla an dem mehr als eine Halbkugel bildenden Schenkelkopf ein ansehnlich langes Ligam. teres besitzt. Translation [Eng] 5. Muscles of the lower limbs. First of all, I would like to point out that my gorilla has a rather long round ligament on the head of the femur, which forms more than one hemisphere. External links Bischoff TLW. Beiträge zur Anatomie des Gorilla. Abh. d. II. Cl. d. k. Ak. d. Wiss. XIII. Bd. III. Abth. Munchen: Verlag der Akademie, in Commission bei G. Franz. 1879. zobodat.at Authors & Affiliations Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm von Bischoff (1807-1882) was a German physician and biologist. wikipedia.org Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm von Bischoff  (circa  870).  Unknown author;  original in the...

2025ChatGPT. Baroque

  2025ChatGPT, painting «Jacob Wrestling with the Angel in Baroque Style». Depiction of the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank.  ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work:  Ninth month, eleventh day   ( 2024 АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ).     Jacob Wrestling with the Angel in Baroque Style. Created in collaboration with the ChatGPT langua...

1823GerdyPN

  The author mentions their observation of the displacement of the femoral head from the acetabulum outwards when the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) is stretched. Continuing experimental research, P.N. Gerdy discovered that the LCF, when stretched during adduction, also displaces the femur in the caudal direction (see 1833GerdyPN ). The translation from German was done in collaboration with ChatGPT 3.5.   Gerdy PN. Recherches, discussions, et propositions d'Anatomie, de Physiologie, de Pathologie, etc. Paris: Béchet, 1823. [fragment] Quote pp. 9 5 PROPOSITIONS La luxation du fémur en haut et en dehors est plus facile que celle en bas et en dedans, surtout parce que le ligament interarticulaire tend à s enrouler autour de la tête du femur, dans une violente adduction et qu il tire l os en dehors. Je m en suis assuré par l observation directe.   ASSUMPTIONS Dislocating the femur upwards and outwards is easier...

1750DrakeJ

  Fragment from the book Drake J. Anthropologia nova: or, a new system of anatomy. … The Third Edition Corrected. (1750). The author does not name the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), but accurately describes its appearance (short, thick, and round), and indicates the attachment points. Quote p. 432 CHAP. VIII. Of the Bones and Muscles of the Thigh, Leg and Foot … The first of these is the largest and most prominent, and has a large round Head, capp’d with a Cartilage, which is receiv’d into the Acetabulum or Socket, at the Ischium or Os Coxendicis; to which it is fastned by two Ligaments: One broad, thick, and membranous, surrounding the whole Edge of the Acetabulum, and Head of the Bone: The other short, thick, and round, springing from the bottom of the Acetabulum, by the side of the Mucilaginous Gland, (which is here the most considerable of the whole Body) and is inserted into the middle of the Cartilaginous Head. The Epiphysis, or Neck of the Bone on which this Head is seate...

1851HyrtlJ

  The author expresses a classic view on the functions of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF): a conductor of blood vessels and a limiter of adduction of the femur. J. Hyrtl believed that it was impossible to completely dislocate the hip without tearing the LCF. Hyrtl J. Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, mit Rücksicht auf physiologische Begründung und praktische Anwendung. Wien: W. Braumüller, 1851. [fragment] Quote p. 265 In der Höhle des Gelenks liegt das runde Band des Schenkelkopfes (Lig. teres), welches an der Incisura acetabuli entspringt, und bei richtiger Neigung des Beckens, senkrecht zur Grube des Schenkelkopfes aufsteigt. Es beschränkt dieses Band die Zuziehung des Schenkels, und schreibt zugleich den durch die Incisura acetabuli eindringenden Blutgefässen den Weg vor, den sie zum Oberschenkelkopfe zu nehmen haben. Da das Band, wenn es in die Höhle des Gelenkes vorragen würde, durch Reibung viel zu leiden hätte, so...

16th Century

  16th Century Catalog of archived publications of the specified period        1500-1509 1510-1519 1510Leonardo_da_Vinci  In the drawing, a uthor  depicted the distal fragment of the LCF. 1520-1529 1521Berengario da CarpiJ  The author comments on the treatise by Mondino de Luzzi, describes the form, role and symptoms of LCF damage.  1527BenedettiA  The author explains the origin of the rare synonym of LCF – ischion.    1530-1539 1540-1549 1541MondinoL_DryanderJ  An early description of the anatomy and role of the LCF is presented.  1541PolluxJ  In Greek the author calls LCF «ἰσχίον», and the translator designates the concept of «ligament/sinew» with the term «neruus». 1543(a)VesaliusA  The author describes the anatomy, attachment, properties and role of LCF, also interprets its synonyms.  1543(b)VesaliusA  The author describes the attachment and shape of the LCF.  1544GuidiG  The author p...