The Solar System

The Solar System

As a result of a mysterious catastrophic event about 13.8 billion years ago, the Universe was formed (2012HawkingS; 2020AghanimN_RoudierG). In it, giant cloud-like accumulations of plasma, molecules and dust became the points of star formation (2011MurrayN). A series of their generations, igniting, functioning and collapsing, led to the appearance of various chemical elements through staged reactions of nuclear fusion (1998IshkhanovBS_TutynIA).

The Sun was born for at least ten million years by compressing a concentration of molecular gas and parts of the most ancient stars (2010HanslmeierA). As a result, 4.5682-4.567 billion years ago, the Solar System self-organized, at the dawn of its life consisting of a central luminary and a protoplanetary gas and dust disk (2013HazenRM). At least the oldest meteorite inclusions were fused 4.568-4.565 billion years ago, and at most three million years later, accretion of chondrite globules occurred (1995AllègreCJ_GöpelC).

The form of life known to us is possible in the presence of liquid water, biogenic chemical elements and an energy source (2002ChybaCF_PhillipsCB). Today, Earth has these resources abundantly. Liquid oceans beneath the ice of Saturn’s moon Enceladus offer suitable conditions for life (2021AffholderA_MazevetS). A subsurface salt ocean exists on Jupiter's satellite Europa, and an analogue of terrestrial life is not excluded in it (2001ChybaCF_PhillipsCB). Numerous scientific publications based on remote sensing data and direct studies of Mars by landers and rovers indicate the presence of liquid water on the surface in the past. Water flow and sediment deposits near the northern equatorial Chryse Planitia date to about 3.65 billion years ago (2015RodriguezJAP_GlinesN). To the north of the Hellas Basin, traces of intense erosion, probably water, are younger than 3.29 billion years (2016SaleseF_OriGG). In the Ares Valley, there are signs of floods dating back about 3.6-3.0 billion years (2010WarnerN_MullerJP). Meanwhile, Martian meteorites known as nakhlites show evidence of water alteration about 620 million years ago (2005TreimanAH).

Given these findings, Enceladus and Europa could potentially support Earth-like fish today. There is a possibility that some bottom species have developed an anatomical structure similar to ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). The presence of developed biological forms on Mars cannot be ruled out three billion years ago. The creatures could have been aquatic, amphibious, and land-dwelling. In order for Martian species similar to terrestrial chordates to appear, evolution would have needed a significant acceleration. On our planet, LCF did not have time to arise in the first 1.5 billion years. According to molecular clock data, the separation of animals from plants occurred around 1.6 billion years ago (2004HedgesSB_ShoeJL). The appearance of fauna in the Solar System 3.0-2.9 billion years after its formation cools the rosy expectations of finding traces of LCF in the fossil history of Mars.

References

Hawking S. The Beginning of Time (lecture), 2012. [kanzeon.nl]

Aghanim N, Akrami Y, Ashdown M, Aumont J, Baccigalupi C, Ballardini M, ... Roudier G. Planck 2018 results-VI. Cosmological parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2020;641:A6. [aanda.org]

Murray N. Star formation efficiencies and lifetimes of giant molecular clouds in the Milky Way. The Astrophysical Journal. 2011;729(2)133. [iopscience.iop.org]

Ишханов БС, Капитонов ИМ, Тутынь ИА. Нуклеосинтез во вселенной. Москва: Издательство Московского университета, 1998. [nuclphys.sinp.msu.ru]

Hanslmeier A. Water in the Universe. Astrophysics and space science library. Vol. 368. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010. [books.google]

Hazen RM. The Origin and Evolution of Earth: From the Big Bang to the Future of Human Existence. Course Guidebook. United States of America: The great courses, 2013. [archive.org]

Allègre CJ, Manhès G, Göpel C. The age of the Earth Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 1995;59(8)1445-56. [sciencedirect.com]

Chyba CF, Phillips CB. Europa as an abode of life. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 2002;32:47-67. [link.springer.com]

Affholder A, Guyot F, Sauterey B, Ferrière R, Mazevet S. Bayesian analysis of Enceladus’s plume data to assess methanogenesis. Nature Astronomy. 2021;5(8)805-14. [nature.com]

Chyba CF, Phillips CB. Possible ecosystems and the search for life on Europa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001;98(3)801-4. [pnas.org]

Rodriguez JAP, Kargel JS, Baker VR, Gulick VC, Berman DC, Fairén AG, ... Glines N. Martian outflow channels: How did their source aquifers form and why did they drain so rapidly?. Scientific Reports. 2015;5(1)13404. [nature.com]

Salese F, Ansan V, Mangold N, Carter J, Ody A, Poulet F, Ori GG. A sedimentary origin for intercrater plains north of the Hellas basin: Implications for climate conditions and erosion rates on early Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 2016;121(11)2239-67. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

Warner N, Gupta S, Kim JR, Lin SY, Muller JP. Hesperian equatorial thermokarst lakes in Ares Vallis as evidence for transient warm conditions on Mars. Geology. 2010;38(1)71-4. [pubs.geoscienceworld.org]

Treiman AH. The nakhlite meteorites: Augite-rich igneous rocks from Mars. Geochemistry. 2005;65(3)203-70. [sciencedirect.com]

Hedges SB, Blair JE, Venturi ML, Shoe JL. A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life. BMC evolutionary biology. 2004;4(1)1-9. [link.springer.com]

«Early Sun»
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The original text in Russian is available at the link: Солнечная система

NB! Fair practice / use: copied for the purposes of criticism, review, comment, research and private study in accordance with Copyright Laws of the US: 17 U.S.C. §107; Copyright Law of the EU: Dir. 2001/29/EC, art.5/3a,d; Copyright Law of the RU: ГК РФ ст.1274/1.1-2,7

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IMPROVING POSTOPERATIVE COMFORT...

Improving Postoperative Comfort and Increasing the Reliability of Hip Prostheses by Supplementing with Artificial Ligaments: Proof of Concept and Prototype Demonstration S.V. Arkhipov, Independent Researcher, Joensuu, Finland CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Introduction [iii] Materials and Methods [iv] Results and Discussion [v] Static Tests [vi] Dynamic Tests [vii] Prototype Fabrication and Testing [viii] Conclusion [ix] References [x] Application [i] Abstract The principle of operation of an experimental total hip endoprosthesis augmented with ligament analogs has been demonstrated in single-leg vertical stances and at the mid-stance phase of the single-support period of gait. The experiments were conducted on a specially designed mechatronic testing rig. The concept of the important role of the ligamentous apparatus is further illustrated by a set of demonstrative mechanical models. The...

Catalog. Classifications of LCF Pathology

The classifications are intended to systematize of ligamentum capitis femoris pathology and assist in the development of general approaches to its description, registration, analysis and treatment. Keywords ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, hip joint, histology, pathological anatomy, pathology, trauma INTRODUCTION In Russia, the initial attempts to classify pathology of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) were made by morphologists. The development of arthroscopic surgery has made it possible to identify various, previously undescribed types of LCF pathology, which prompted the development of various modern classifications based on intraoperative observations. Analysis of literature data and our own morphological observations allowed us to propose a General Classification of the Ligamentum Teres Pathology, which has the form of a collection of classifiers, as well as a Classification of Functions of the Ligamentum Teres. The ...

BIOMECHANICS OF THE HIP JOINT WITHOUT LCF

Biomechanics of the hip joint without LCF Do you remember the comparison of the ligamentum teres with the spring element of a cart? ( 1874SavoryWS ). An analogy could arise after reading the book Bell J. The Principles of Surgery (1801) . Most orthopedists still think so. For more details see: https://roundligament.blogspot.com/2024/04/1836-1840partridger.html & 1836-1840PartridgeR (remembering the history of orthopedics) #ligamentum_teres #ligamentum_capitis_femoris #hip #biomechanics Publication in the facebook group 03/28/2025. ...

11th-15th Century

11th-15th Century Catalog of archived publications of the specified period 11th century 976-1115Theophilus Protospatharius The author writes about the normal anatomy of the LCF and its connective function. 1012-1024Avicenna The author writes about the localization and variant of the pathology LCF, leading to hip dislocation. 1039-1065Giorgi Mtatsmindeli The translator mentions the LCF damage, and notes its presence in animals. 12 th century 1120-1140Judah Halevi The author mentions LCF (גיד) of mammals. 1176-1178(a)Rambam The author mentions the pathology of LCF (גיד) in humans and points out the presence of this structure in animals. 1176-1178(b)Rambam The author writes about the localization of LCF (גיד) ) and distinguishes it from a tendon, blood vessel or nerve. 1185-1235David Kimchi The author writes about the localization, purpose, and injury of the LCF (גיד), and also talks abo...

1996(r)ArkhipovSV

METHOD OF PELVIS OSTEOTOMY (Способ остеотомии таза) Patent Application RU96120699A Inventor Сергей Васильевич Архипов Original Assignee Sergey Vasilyevich Arkhipov Application RU96120699/14A events 1996-10-01 Application filed by С . В . Архипов 1999-01-20 Publication of RU96120699A Claims The method of pelvic osteotomy by complete intersection of the ilium above the capsule and acetabulum, characterized in that after arthrotomy of the hip joint the hip bones additionally intersect in front and behind the acetabulum, as well as above it between the capsule and limb, with the displacement of the formed intermediate fragment laterally and osteosynthesis fragments, in addition, plastic or prosthetics of the ligament of the femoral head can be performed, and an osteograft can be fixed over the intermediate fragment. Description of the invention Description in Russian is available at the link: 1996(r) АрхиповСВ (the blog has a translation function)....

The First Scientific Mention

European science has known the LCF for about 2500 years. It is the most important functional connection of the hip joint. The first person to describe the LCF was Hippocrates (c. 460-370 BCE). A written mention of the LCF is found in §1 of his treatise "On the Instrument of redactions". In our opinion, a book created in the library of the Asclepeion of the island of Kos. Hippocrates did not dissection of the human body, did not operate on the hip joint, did not have a CT scan and MRI. How he could discover the LCF? In our view, it is possible that Hippocrates treated a patient with an open hip dislocation. Track Music: Blue Dot Sessions , Vittoro (CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED / fragment) keywords: ligamentum capitis femoris, ligament of head of femur, ligamentum teres, hip dislocation . ...

163-192Galen

Fragment from the treatise Galen. On anatomical procedures (Περὶ Ἀνατομικῶν Ἐγχειρήσεων, ca. 163-192). The author writes about the high resiliency and hardness of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), and also notes its connective function. See our commentary at the link: 163-192Galen [Rus], and 2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV . Quote [Grc] Περὶ Ἀνατομικῶν Ἐγχειρήσεων. Βιβλιον B. K εφ . ι ʹ . Αλλά χρή σε, καθάπερ επί της χειρός επεσκέψω τους συνδέσμους των οστών, ούτω και νυν επισκέψασθαι πασών των γεγυμνωμένων διαρθρώσεων, πρώτης μεν της κατ' ισχίον, εχούσης ένα μεν εν κύκλω σύνδεσμον, απάντων των άρθρων κοινόν, (ουδέν γάρ έστιν, ότω μή περιβέβληται τοιούτος σύνδεσμος,) έτερον δε τον διά του βάθους εν τη διαρθρώσει κατακεκρυμμένον, ος συνάπτει την κεφαλήν του μηρού τη κατ' ισχίον κοιλότητι, πάνυ σκληρός ών, ώς ήδη δύνασθαι λέγεσθαι νεύρον χονδρώδες. (original source: 1821KühnCG, pp. 328-329) [Lat] De Anatomicis Administrationibus. Liber II. Cap. X. Verum considerare te convenit, ut i...

LCF in English Bibles

The primary source for translating the Bible into English is the Hebrew literary monument Torah. In its first part, the Book of Bereshit (32:33 ) , there is a mention of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), which in Hebrew is called « גיד » (gheed, gid) (1923, 2004PreussJ; 2019ArkhipovSV_SkvortsovDV; 2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV). Probably one of the earliest written translations of the Bible into Old English was made by Ælfric of Eynsham, who worked approximately between 955–1010 CE (1050Aelfric’s). In Aelfric's Anglo-Saxon Paraphrase, the Hebrew concept of « גיד » [gheed], that is, LCF, is mentioned twice in the 25th and 32nd verses of the XXXII Chapter of the Book of Genesis and is called «sine» ( Figure 1, 2 ). In Middle English, translators Nicholas of Hereford and John Wycliffe named LCF as «synwe», and in John Purvey's Bible edition - «senewe» (1850ForshallJ_MaddenF). In Bibles in Early Modern English, LCF is designated as «senow» and «senowe» (1530TyndaleW; 1535CoverdaleM; 1...

1185-1235David Kimchi

Fragments from the book David Kimchi «Radak on Genesis» (no later 1235). The treatise - commentary on the Tanakh, was written between about 1185-1235 years in French ( sefaria.org ). The author writes about the localization, purpose, and injury of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF, גיד), and also talks about its presence in adult animals and embryos. See our commentary at the link: 1185- 1235David Kimchi [Rus]. Quote. [Heb] Genesis . Chapter 32:33.1 -3 1. על כן לא יאכלו בני ישראל , בני יעקב אסרוהו על עצמן לכבוד אביהם שלקה בו והם צוו לבניהם ( כמצות יהונדב בן רכב לבניו שלא ישתו יין ), ונאסר להם ולבניהם ולבני בניהם עד עולם , וכתבו משה רבינו בתורה על פי ה ', אבל לפירז " ל בסיני נצטוו וכתבה במקומו להודיע הטעם שנאסר בעבורו . 2. גיד הנשה , ארז " ל כי נקרא כן לפי שנשה ממקומ ועלה ( ב " ר ע " ע ) כלומר נעל ונעלה על הכף שהוא דבק בו . 3. אשר על כף הירך , אינו אסור מן התורה אלא אשר על הכף בלבד אבל לא מה שלמעלה ממנו ושלמטה המנו , וכן גיד החיצון כולו אינו אסו...

The Shortest Comments on Genesis, Chap. XXXII-XXXIII

The chosen fragment records ancient views on the symptoms, mechanism, and differential diagnosis of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury. The author describes the emotional status, work capacity of the patient, circumstances, time, and place of the injury, as a physician in the modern medical record (Genesis 32:8-33:20). Further in the text, apparently, a pathoanatomical investigation is mentioned, confirming the antemortem diagnosis, place of dissection (Genesis 50:2-3), as well as the location of the burial of embalmed remains (Genesis 50:13). Our comments on chapters 32-33 are presented in the table. The quotes are based on the translation of the Book of Bereshit (Genesis) from Hebrew by Isaac Leeser (1922). The shortest comments Quotes from the original source Emotional status and the name of injured person. 32:8 Then Jacob was greatly afraid, and he felt distress...

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