The Solar System

The Solar System

As a result of a mysterious catastrophic event about 13.8 billion years ago, the Universe was formed (2012HawkingS; 2020AghanimN_RoudierG). In it, giant cloud-like accumulations of plasma, molecules and dust became the points of star formation (2011MurrayN). A series of their generations, igniting, functioning and collapsing, led to the appearance of various chemical elements through staged reactions of nuclear fusion (1998IshkhanovBS_TutynIA).

The Sun was born for at least ten million years by compressing a concentration of molecular gas and parts of the most ancient stars (2010HanslmeierA). As a result, 4.5682-4.567 billion years ago, the Solar System self-organized, at the dawn of its life consisting of a central luminary and a protoplanetary gas and dust disk (2013HazenRM). At least the oldest meteorite inclusions were fused 4.568-4.565 billion years ago, and at most three million years later, accretion of chondrite globules occurred (1995AllègreCJ_GöpelC).

The form of life known to us is possible in the presence of liquid water, biogenic chemical elements and an energy source (2002ChybaCF_PhillipsCB). Today, Earth has these resources abundantly. Liquid oceans beneath the ice of Saturn’s moon Enceladus offer suitable conditions for life (2021AffholderA_MazevetS). A subsurface salt ocean exists on Jupiter's satellite Europa, and an analogue of terrestrial life is not excluded in it (2001ChybaCF_PhillipsCB). Numerous scientific publications based on remote sensing data and direct studies of Mars by landers and rovers indicate the presence of liquid water on the surface in the past. Water flow and sediment deposits near the northern equatorial Chryse Planitia date to about 3.65 billion years ago (2015RodriguezJAP_GlinesN). To the north of the Hellas Basin, traces of intense erosion, probably water, are younger than 3.29 billion years (2016SaleseF_OriGG). In the Ares Valley, there are signs of floods dating back about 3.6-3.0 billion years (2010WarnerN_MullerJP). Meanwhile, Martian meteorites known as nakhlites show evidence of water alteration about 620 million years ago (2005TreimanAH).

Given these findings, Enceladus and Europa could potentially support Earth-like fish today. There is a possibility that some bottom species have developed an anatomical structure similar to ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). The presence of developed biological forms on Mars cannot be ruled out three billion years ago. The creatures could have been aquatic, amphibious, and land-dwelling. In order for Martian species similar to terrestrial chordates to appear, evolution would have needed a significant acceleration. On our planet, LCF did not have time to arise in the first 1.5 billion years. According to molecular clock data, the separation of animals from plants occurred around 1.6 billion years ago (2004HedgesSB_ShoeJL). The appearance of fauna in the Solar System 3.0-2.9 billion years after its formation cools the rosy expectations of finding traces of LCF in the fossil history of Mars.

References

Hawking S. The Beginning of Time (lecture), 2012. [kanzeon.nl]

Aghanim N, Akrami Y, Ashdown M, Aumont J, Baccigalupi C, Ballardini M, ... Roudier G. Planck 2018 results-VI. Cosmological parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2020;641:A6. [aanda.org]

Murray N. Star formation efficiencies and lifetimes of giant molecular clouds in the Milky Way. The Astrophysical Journal. 2011;729(2)133. [iopscience.iop.org]

Ишханов БС, Капитонов ИМ, Тутынь ИА. Нуклеосинтез во вселенной. Москва: Издательство Московского университета, 1998. [nuclphys.sinp.msu.ru]

Hanslmeier A. Water in the Universe. Astrophysics and space science library. Vol. 368. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010. [books.google]

Hazen RM. The Origin and Evolution of Earth: From the Big Bang to the Future of Human Existence. Course Guidebook. United States of America: The great courses, 2013. [archive.org]

Allègre CJ, Manhès G, Göpel C. The age of the Earth Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 1995;59(8)1445-56. [sciencedirect.com]

Chyba CF, Phillips CB. Europa as an abode of life. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 2002;32:47-67. [link.springer.com]

Affholder A, Guyot F, Sauterey B, Ferrière R, Mazevet S. Bayesian analysis of Enceladus’s plume data to assess methanogenesis. Nature Astronomy. 2021;5(8)805-14. [nature.com]

Chyba CF, Phillips CB. Possible ecosystems and the search for life on Europa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001;98(3)801-4. [pnas.org]

Rodriguez JAP, Kargel JS, Baker VR, Gulick VC, Berman DC, Fairén AG, ... Glines N. Martian outflow channels: How did their source aquifers form and why did they drain so rapidly?. Scientific Reports. 2015;5(1)13404. [nature.com]

Salese F, Ansan V, Mangold N, Carter J, Ody A, Poulet F, Ori GG. A sedimentary origin for intercrater plains north of the Hellas basin: Implications for climate conditions and erosion rates on early Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 2016;121(11)2239-67. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

Warner N, Gupta S, Kim JR, Lin SY, Muller JP. Hesperian equatorial thermokarst lakes in Ares Vallis as evidence for transient warm conditions on Mars. Geology. 2010;38(1)71-4. [pubs.geoscienceworld.org]

Treiman AH. The nakhlite meteorites: Augite-rich igneous rocks from Mars. Geochemistry. 2005;65(3)203-70. [sciencedirect.com]

Hedges SB, Blair JE, Venturi ML, Shoe JL. A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life. BMC evolutionary biology. 2004;4(1)1-9. [link.springer.com]

«Early Sun»
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THE GIFTS OF THE MAGI FOR ORTHOPEDIC SURGEONS

Translation of the article: Архипов СВ. Новая техника проксимального крепления при реконструкции ligamentum capitis femoris: Дары волхвов ортопедическим хирургам. The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2026АрхиповСВ . A Novel Technique for Proximal Fixation of Ligamentum Capitis Femoris Reconstruction: The Gifts of the Magi for Orthopedic Surgeons S.V. Arkhipov, Independent Researcher, Joensuu, Finland CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Introduction [iii] Materials and Methods [iv] Technique [v] Discussion [vi] Conclusion [vii] Appendix [viii] References [ix] Structured Abstract [x] Additional material [i] Abstract An experimental technique for reconstruction of the ligamentum capitis femoris (ligamentum teres femoris) is described. The proposed method involves creating two portions of the ligament analog: a pubic portion and an ischial portion. Fixation of thes...

2018YoussefAO

Content [i] Annotation [ii] Original text [iii] References [iv] Source & links [v] Notes [vi] Authors & Affiliations [vii] Keywords [i] Annotation Abstract of the article: Youssef AO. Medial approach open reduction with ligamentum teres partial excision and plication for the management of congenital hip dislocation (2018). The article describes a method for transposition of the proximal attachment of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in congenital hip dislocation. The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2018YoussefAO . [ii] Original text Abstract Because of the known tendency for early redislocation following open reduction, we developed surgical methods for shortening the ligamentum teres to improve immediate postoperative stability when performing medial approach open reduction (MAOR) for the management of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Between 2004 and 2014, 32 patients w...

2008WengerDR_MiyanjiF

Article: Wenger DR et al. Ligamentum teres maintenance and transfer as a stabilizer in open reduction for pediatric hip dislocation: surgical technique and early clinical results (2008). The article describes a method of open reconstruction of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) for hip dysplasia. The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2008WengerDR_MiyanjiF . Ligamentum teres maintenance and transfer as a stabilizer in open reduction for pediatric hip dislocation: surgical technique and early clinical results Wenger DR, Mubarak SJ, Henderson PC, Miyanji F CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Introduction [iii] Materials and Methods [iv] Surgical technique & Results [v] Discussion & Conclusion [vi] References [vii] Application [i] Abstract Purpose The ligamentum teres has primarily been considered as an obstruction to reduction in children with developmental dislocation of the hip (DDH). In the ea...

1970MichaelsG_MatlesAL

Content [i] Annotation [ii] Original text [iii] References [iv] Source & links [v] Notes [vi] Authors & Affiliations [vii] Keywords [i] Annotation Abstract of the article: Michaels G, Matles AL. The role of the ligamentum teres in congenital dislocation of the hip (1970). The authors proposed an analogy for the role of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) as a “ball and chain control” and noted that it can spontaneously reduce congenital hip dislocation. The text in Russian is available at the following link: 1970MichaelsG_MatlesAL . [ii] Original text Quote p. 199 Many papers in the literature have implicated the ligamentum teres as a hindrance to the late open reduction of a congenitally dislocated hip. Occasionally the ligamentum teres has been reported to be absent. However, in most cases it is hypertrophied and elongated. Our present knowledge confirms the fact that congenital dislocation of t...

Who, When, and Where Wrote the Book of Genesis?

Who, When, and Where Wrote the Book of Genesis? A Medical Hypothesis By Sergey V. Arkhipov, MD, PhD & Lyudmila N. Arkhipova, BSN CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Introduction [iii] Egyptian physician [iv] Asian diviner [v] Conclusion [vi] References [vii] Application [i] Abstract The Book of Genesis is an example of an ancient literary text that contains important medical insights. We propose that it was written in northern Egypt in the late 17th century BCE, approximately ten years after the Minoan eruption. The protograph likely emerged from the collaboration between an Asiatic seer, who rose to the rank of an Egyptian official, and an Egyptian physician-encyclopedist. By refining its dating and authorship, this hypothesis positions Genesis as a credible source of medical and historical data, thereby enhancing its value for interdisciplinary research. [ii] Introduction According to Rabbinic Judais...

LCF in 2025 (December)

LCF in 2025 ( December) (Quotes from articles and books published in December 2025 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris) Sarassa, C., Aristizabal, S., Mejía, R., García, J. J., Quintero, D., & Herrera, A. M. (2025). Intraosseous Tunneling and Ligamentum Teres Ligamentodesis “Teretization” to Enhance Stability in Congenital Hip Dislocation Surgery: Surgical Technique and Mid-Term Outcomes. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics , 10-1097. [i] journals.lww.com Kampouridis, P., Svorligkou, G., Spassov, N., & Böhme, M. (2025). Postcranial anatomy of the Late Miocene Eurasian hornless rhinocerotid Chilotherium. PLoS One , 20 (12), e0336590. [ii] journals.plos.org Burdette, T. N., Hsiou, C. L., McDonough, S. P., Pell, S., Ayers, J., Divers, T. J., & Delvescovo, B. Sidewinder syndrome associated with complete rupture of the ligamentum capitis ossis femoris in a horse. Eq...

IMPROVING POSTOPERATIVE COMFORT...

Improving Postoperative Comfort and Increasing the Reliability of Hip Prostheses by Supplementing with Artificial Ligaments: Proof of Concept and Prototype Demonstration S.V. Arkhipov, Independent Researcher, Joensuu, Finland CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Introduction [iii] Materials and Methods [iv] Results and Discussion [v] Static Tests [vi] Dynamic Tests [vii] Prototype Fabrication and Testing [viii] Conclusion [ix] References [x] Application [i] Abstract The principle of operation of an experimental total hip endoprosthesis augmented with ligament analogs has been demonstrated in single-leg vertical stances and at the mid-stance phase of the single-support period of gait. The experiments were conducted on a specially designed mechatronic testing rig. The concept of the important role of the ligamentous apparatus is further illustrated by a set of demonstrative mechanical models. The...

Full access to the PDF version of the book: HUMAN CHILDREN

Full access to the PDF version of the book is now available: Arkhipov S.V. Human Children: The Origins of Biblical Legends from a Physician's Perspective. An essay with references to interactive materials. 2nd revised and expanded edition. Joensuu: Author's Edition, 2025. (In Russian)]. Google Play , Google Book , drive.google.com , kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com [Архипов С.В. Дети человеческие: истоки библейских преданий в обозрении врача. Эссе, снабженное ссылками на интерактивный материал. 2-е изд. перераб. и доп. Йоэнсуу : Издание Автора , 2025.] Annotation The first version of the Book of Genesis appeared in Ancient Egypt approximately 3,600 years ago, during the Hyksos period. The work was conceived as a fairy tale epic. An unknown physician-encyclopedist, who is also presumed to have authored the Edwin Smith Papyrus, played a role in its composition. He supplemented the co-author's family legends, retellings of halluc...

Key Role of the LCF

In the experiments conducted on the pelvis-femur-muscle-ligaments model, we found that when the contralateral pelvic drop occurs, the ligament of the head of femur become maximally tense; simultaneously, there is relaxation and lengthening of the gluteus medius muscle; the pelvis spontaneously rotates towards the stance limb (forward), and the load on the hip joint decreases. Thanks to the functioning of the ligament of the head of femur the walking is smooth, rhythmic, and energy-efficient. Track Music: Blue Dot Sessions , Vittoro (CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED / fragment) "Take care of the ligament of the head of femur for yourself and your neighbor!" . . keywords: ligamentum capitis femoris, ligament of head of femur, ligamentum te...

FACEBOOK

FACEBOOK (publications in the group LIGAMENTUM CAPITIS FEMORIS and this social network) A FACEBOOK section has been created (About publications in this social network). FACEBOOK GROUP On creating a group. OLDEST SYNONYMS Post in Facebook groups. Planar models of the hip joint Post in Facebook groups. The loading acting onthe femoral head Post in Facebook groups. Visualization of the LCF by the medial approach Post in Facebook groups. A FORCE THAT HELPS ROTATE THE PELVIS Post in Facebook groups. FIRST EXPERIMENTS ON A MECHANICAL MODEL Post in Facebook groups. HIP JOINT MODEL WITH LCF ANALOGUE Post in Facebook groups. EXTERNAL LIGAMENTS & LCF Post in Facebook groups. BIOMECHANICS OF THE HIP JOINT WITHOUT LCF Post in Facebook groups. F. Pauwels vis-à-vis S. Arkhipov ☺ Post in Facebook groups. TENSION OF THE LIGAMENTUM CAPITIS FEMORIS Post in Facebook groups. Thompson's p...

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