Skip to main content

1833GerdyPN

 

P.N. Gerdy, in his experiment, discovered tensioning of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) during thigh adduction. At the same time, it was noted for the first time that the consequence of LCF tension during hip adduction is a downward and lateral displacement of the femoral head. Normally, this mechanism provides unloading of the upper articular surfaces when supporting one leg (see 1874SavoryWS).

The translation from French was done in collaboration with ChatGPT 3.5. 


Gerdy PN. Physiologie médicale, didactique et critique. T. 1. Paris: Librairie de Crochard, 1833. [fragment]

Quote pp. 551-554

 

L'inclinaison de la cuisse en dehors, que l'on nomme son abduction, est un mouvement assez étendu, mais qui pourtant ne permet pas à la cuisse de se placer perpendiculairement à sa direction verticale. Les batteleurs peuvent se reposer sur un plan horizontal, les cuisses écartées en sens opposé.

Dans l'inclinaison de la cuisse en dehors, la tête du fémur glisse de haut en bas dans la cavité cotyloïde, et se meut autour d'une ligne qui la traverse d'avant en arrière. Cependant, la capsule ligamenteuse se relâche par en haut, se tend par en bas, menace de se rompre, et la tête du fémur de se luxer dans ce sens mais le ligament inter-articulaire, qui s'est relâché dans ce mouvement parce que son attache supérieure s'est rapprochée de l'attache inférieure, se pelotonne dans la grande échancrure de la cavité cotyloïde, et il concourt à arrêter le mouvement du fémur, par le seul relief qu'il fait sur la tête de cet os. Ce relief concourt à borner ce mouvement, en s'accrochant pour ainsi dire contre le bourrelet qui convertit en trou la grande échancrure du bord de la cavité cotyloide. Et qu'on ne croie pas qu'il y ait rien de supposé dans cette explication! Je me suis assuré de l'exactitude de ce fait sur le cadavre, en emportant la partie antérieure de l'articulation pour étudier ensuite ce qui se passe dans son intérieur pendant ses mouvemens.

Les agens de l'abduction de la cuisse sont le tenseur de l'aponévrose fémorale, les muscles fessiers et pyramidal de la cuisse.

Les muscles qui résistent à ce mouvement sont le grèle interne, le pectiné et les adducteurs. Mais la jambe et le pied prolongent plus loin la résistance par leur poids.

Or, comme le fémur s'appuie toujours dans la cavité cotyloïde, il forme encore un levier du troisième genre. Dans cet effort, on voit toujours se dessiner le plan du tenseur de l'aponévrose fémorale, en dehors de la hanche, et l'aponévrose fémorale faire sentir en dehors du genou une sorte de corde tendineuse qui aboutit à un tubercule antérieur et externe du tibia. Il n'y a cependant point de tendon en cet endroit. Cette apparence tient à une disposition variable que j'ai décrite dans mon Anatomie des formes, à l'occasion de celle du genou.

Dans l'inclinaison de la cuisse en dedans, mouvement que l'on nomme son adduction, le fémur se porte en dedans et croise la cuisse opposée. Et si nous supposons qu'il la croise en passant par devant, alors la tête de cet os glisse de bas en haut dans la cavité cotyloïde, en tournant autour d'une ligne qui la traverserait d'avant en arrière et un peu en bas. Par ce mouvement, la tête du fémur entraîne en haut l'extrémité supérieure du ligament inter-articulaire qui, retenu par en bas, au bord même de sa cavité cotyloïde, se tend bientôt, par suite se redresse, et, si le mouvement continue, repousse le fémur hors de sa cavité articulaire, à-peu-près par le même mécanisme qu'il en serait repoussé si l'on tendait avec une force suffisante une corde qui, fixée au bord de la cavité cotyloïde, la traverserait d'un côté à l'autre par le milieu de sa largeur. Vous pouvez vérifier ce fait en emportant avec la scie la partie antérieure de l'articulation coxo-fémorale. En poussant alors le fémur dans l'adduction, vous verrez le ligament inter-articulaire détacher malgré vous, de haut en bas, la tête de l'os de la surface de sa cavité, et détruire une première résistance à la luxation du femur en haut et en dehors, je veux dire l'adhérence des deux surfaces humides qui ne peut être détruitc que par un assez grand effort. Le fémur chassé de sa cavité, le ligament inter-articulaire et la partie supérieure de la capsule ligamenteuse coxo-fémorale sont obligés de soutenir le poids du corps, sans le secours tout puissant du bord supérieur de la fosse cotyloïde, et si alors l'action du poids du corps se trouve augmentée par la vitesse d'une chute, ces ligamens peuvent se rompre, et la luxation en haut et en dehors en être la suite immédiate.

C'est en effet par ce mécanisme que survient cet accident. Si, à ces premières observations sur le mécanisme des luxations en haut et en dehors, vous ajoutez que les mouvemens d'adduction sont peu étendus comparativement à ceux d'abduction, vous comprendrez facilement qu'il doit se rencontrer plus de causes pour pousser la cuisse dans une adduction excessive, et dès lors vous comprendrez pourquoi les luxations du fémur en haut et en dehors sont moins rares que celles qui se font en bas et en dedans.

Cependant la saillie, plus considérable du bord supérieur de la cavité cotyloïde, la plus grande épaisseur de la capsule ligamenteuse en haut qu'en bas, la résistance du ligament inter-articulaire, le peu d'étendue de l'adduction de la cuisse, des dispositions tout opposées pour la partie antérieure et inférieure de l'articulation et des mouvemens d'abduction beaucoup plus étendus que ceux d'adduction, rendent encore inexplicable aux praticiens les plus distingués la rareté comparative des luxations en bas et en dedans; mais il me paraît évident, d'après ce que j'ai dit du mécanisme des mouvemens du fémur: 1°. Que la saiilie du bord supérieur de la cavité cotyloïde ne peut s'opposer à la luxation en haut et en arrière, puisque la moindre adduction de la cuisse fait sortir la tête du fémur hors de sa cavité articulaire; 2°. Que la résistance du ligament inter-articulaire et de la partie supérieure de la capsule ligamenteuse, ne saurait soutenir seule le poids du corps, augmenté par toute la vitesse d'une chute. Quant au peu d'étendue de l'ad- duction, cette circonstance favorise la luxation en haut et en dehors ainsi que je l'ai démontré. Je me crois donc fondé à trouver l'explication de la fréquence des luxations en haut et en dehors, dans le mécanisme des mouvemens du fémur, que je viens d'exposer, et dans la fréquence des causes qui peuvent porter le fémur dans une adduction foreée.

The outward tilt of the hip, known as abduction, is a relatively broad movement, yet it still does not allow the thigh to align perpendicular to its vertical direction. Jugglers can lean on a horizontal plane, spreading their thighs in opposite directions.

During outward tilting of the hip, the head of the femur slides up and down in the acetabulum and moves around a line that crosses it from front to back. However, the ligamentous capsule relaxes from above, stretches from below, threatening to tear and dislocate the head of the femur in this direction, while the intra-articular ligament, which relaxes during this movement because its upper attachment has moved closer to the lower attachment, nestles into the large notch of the acetabulum and contributes to stopping the movement of the femur, solely through the relief it creates on the head of this bone. This relief helps to limit this movement, so to speak, by pressing against the ridge [acetabular labrum?] that turns the large notch on the edge of the acetabulum into a hole. And let no one think that anything is assumed here! I confirmed the accuracy of this fact on a cadaver by removing the front part of the joint to study what happens inside it during its movements.

The agents of thigh abduction are the tensor fasciae latae muscle, the gluteal muscles, and the piriformis muscle of the thigh.

The muscles that oppose this movement are the gracilis, pectineus, and adductors. However, the leg and foot continue to resist further due to their weight.

Since the thigh always rests in the acetabulum, it forms a third-class lever. In this effort, one can always observe the involvement of the tensor fasciae latae outside the thigh, and the fascia lata is palpable outside the knee as a sort of tendinous cord that terminates at the anterior and lateral tubercle of the tibia. However, there is no tendon here. This appearance is due to a variable structure that I mentioned in my "Anatomy of Forms" regarding the structure of the knee.

During medial tilting of the thigh (a movement called adduction), the femur shifts medially and crosses the opposite thigh. And if we assume that it crosses it by passing in front, then the head of this bone slides up and down in the acetabulum, rotating around a line that would cross it from front to back and slightly downward. By this movement, the head of the femur pulls up the upper end of the intra-articular ligament, which, held from below at the very edge of its acetabular cavity, soon stretches, then straightens, and with further movement pushes the femur out of the joint cavity almost by the same mechanism as if it were pushed backward with sufficient force a rope, which, anchored at the edge of the acetabulum, would pass through it from one side to the other through its middle. You can verify this by removing the front part of the hip joint with a saw. Then, by directing the femur into adduction, you will see how the intra-articular ligament involuntarily separates the head of the bone from the surface of its cavity from top to bottom and destroys the initial resistance to dislocation of the femur, displacing it upwards and sideways, I mean the adhesion of two wet surfaces, which can only be destroyed by applying quite a large force. The femur, brought out of the acetabulum, the interarticular ligaments and the upper part of the hip joint capsule are forced to support the weight of the body without the almighty support of the upper edge of the acetabulum, and if at this moment the action of the weight is increased by the speed of the fall, these ligaments can tear, and dislocation upward and to the side will be the immediate result.

Indeed, this is precisely the mechanism by which this incident occurs. If to these primary observations about the mechanism of upward and outward dislocations we add that the movements of adduction are smaller compared to abduction, then it is easy to understand that there must be more reasons for forcing the hip into excessive adduction, and therefore understand why hip dislocations up and out are less rare than those that occur down and in.

However, the more prominent protrusion of the upper edge of the acetabulum, the greater thickness of the ligamentous capsule at the top compared to the bottom, the resistance of the intra-articular ligament, the limited movement of thigh adduction, opposite locations for the anterior and inferior parts of the joint, and the wider movements of abduction compared to adduction further complicate the understanding for even the most experienced practitioners regarding the relative rarity of dislocations downwards and inwards. However, in my view, based on the mechanism of thigh movements that I have just outlined: 1°. The protrusion of the upper edge of the acetabulum cannot resist dislocation upwards and backwards, since even slight adduction of the thigh removes the femoral head from its joint cavity; 2°. The resistance of the intra-articular ligament and the upper part of the ligamentous capsule cannot independently withstand the weight of the body increased by the speed of falling. As for the limited movement of adduction, this characteristic contributes to dislocation upwards and outwards, as I have shown.  I therefore believe that the explanation for the frequency of upward and outward dislocations is to be found in the mechanism of movement of the hip which I have just outlined, and also in the frequency of causes which may force the hip into forced adduction.




External links

Gerdy PN. Physiologie médicale, didactique et critique. T. 1. Paris: Librairie de Crochard, 1833. [books.google]

Authors & Affiliations

Pierre Nicolas Gerdy (1797-1856) was a French surgeon, anatomist, pathologist and physiologist, professor with the Faculty of Medicine in Paris. wikipedia.org

Portrait of Pierre Nicolas Gerdy (unknown date)
The author of the image is Maurir; engaved by Rosselin;
Original in the wikimedia.org collection (CC0 – Public Domain, no changes)

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, ligament inter-articulaire, anatomy, physiology, role, significance 

                                                                     .

NB! Fair practice / use: copied for the purposes of criticism, review, comment, research and private study in accordance with Copyright Laws of the US: 17 U.S.C. §107; Copyright Law of the EU: Dir. 2001/29/EC, art.5/3a,d; Copyright Law of the RU: ГК РФ ст.1274/1.1-2,7

ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

LCF in 2026 (May)

LCF in 2026 (May )  (Quotes from articles and books published in May   2026 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris)   Kim, P. S., Kang, C., Lee, J. K., & Hwang, J. M. (2026). Hip arthroscopy to treat symptomatic paralabral cysts: a retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes. Arthroscopy and Orthopedic Sports Medicine , 13 (1), 27-34.     [i]     e-aosm.org   Ko, H. Y. (2026). Vascular Anatomy of the Extremities and Lungs. In Practical Functional Anatomy for Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: A Guide for Physiatrists and Rehabilitation Specialists (pp. 191-223). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.      [ii] link.springer.com   Aiba, H., Yamaguchi, M., Kimura, H., & Murakami, H. (2026). Advances in limb-salvage surgery and reconstruction for pediatric bone and soft tissue tumors. Frontiers in Pediatrics , 14 , 1817788.      [iii]     pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov   Bajwa, A., Villar, R., ...

2008ArkhipovSV

  On the Role of the Ligamentum Capitis Femoris  in the Maintenance of Different Types of Erect Posture S.V. Arkhipov Keywords: ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, abductor muscle group, role,  function, hip joint, model, biomechanics, walk, gait cycle, single-legged stance  ABSTRACT New experimental and clinical data on the function of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) and its participation in maintaining an erect posture were obtained. It was established that this anatomical element is involved in constraining the hip joint adduction and may fi x the joint in the frontal plane, turning it into an analogue of a second-class lever. In both unstrained one-support and asymmetrical two-support orthostatic postures, when the LCF is stretched and the abductor muscle group is exerted, a load equal to the body weight is evenly distributed between the upper and lower hemispheres of the caput femoris. In addition, the LCF fu...

1990HarveyB

  Harvey B, sculpture, Jacob wrestling with the angel (ca. 1990).   Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis:  25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day.  26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Bessie Harvey – tree root sculpture Jacob Wres tling with the Angel (ca. 1990); original in the high.org collection (Fair...

1943SinzWA

  Sinz WA , s culpture Jacob and the Angel (1943).   Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis:  25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day.  26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Walter A. Sinz – Jacob and the Angel (1943). Ceramic. Gift of Hilda Kisella (2007.187) ; original in clevelandart.org   collect...

Vertebrates

VERTEBRATES According to the molecular clock, a specific method for dating phylogenetic events, vertebrates (Vertebrata) separated from arthropods (Arthropoda) 976±97 Ma (2004HedgesSB_ShoeJL). The latter began to dominate in species diversity with the Cambrian burst of radiation, which occurred 520 Ma (2010EdgecombeGD). This ratio in the fauna of the Earth is still preserved. Approximately 525 Ma, the phylum Chordates separated from the group of bilaterally symmetrical animals (1995ChenJY_ZhouGQ). In turn, the evolution of chordate organisms led to the formation of the first vertebrates at least 500 Ma, from which the jawed mouths 450-400 Ma descended, becoming the ancestors of the placoderms or "armored" fish (Placodermi) (1979 НаумовНП _ КарташевНН ). Sculptural reconstruction of the placoderm Coccosteus from the order Arthrodires, Middle Devonian, 393.3-382.7  Ma ; exposition of the Orlov Paleontological Museum (Moscow); photo by the author. The first cartilaginou...

1132Sant’Orso

  Collegiate Church of Sant’Orso of Aosta (France), capital – Jacob with the Angel (1132).  Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024 АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ).     Collegiate Church of Sant’Orso of Aosta (1132) Capital № 21 – Jacob with the Angel. О riginal ...

20c.WikstromB

  Wikstrom B , s culpture I will not let you go» (Jacob wrestling the Angel , 20th cent.?) .   Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis:  25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day.  26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Brit Wikstrom – « I will not let you go» (Jacob wrestling the Angel , 20th?) . O riginal in gg...

THE ROLE OF THE HIP JOINT LIGAMENTS

  The role of the hip joint ligaments Ligaments tighten when the pelvis tilts, support the body, and correct the movement of the center of mass. A horizontal position of the pelvis in a single-leg stance and during walking is pathological. See experiments: https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/07/blog-post_26.html https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2024/07/lcf_16.html Publication in the facebook group 05/23/2025.     BLOG CONTENT NEWS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS FACEBOOK

Australopithecus afarensis

  AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS In 1735, Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) placed humans as a species «Homo nosce te ipsum» in the order Anthropomorpha along with monkeys and sloths (1735LinneC). In a publication in 1758, the naturalist transferred humans to the order Primates (1758LinneC). Today, humans and chimpanzees are united in the tribe Hominini, as descended from a common ancestor (2001GrovesCP). It has been established that the chromosome that distinguishes humans from monkeys was formed before 4.5 Ma (2022PoszewieckaB_GambinA). The hominin subfamily Sahelanthropus tchadensis lived in the Republic of Chad (Central Africa) from 7.2±0.31 to 6.8±0.45 Ma (2008LebatardAE_BrunetM; 2012ReynoldsSC_GallagherA). Reconstruction of its musculoskeletal system showed that the creature could have been an upright bipedal primate (2005ZollikoferCP_BrunetM). Fossils of what is probably the first bipedal representative of the hominid family Orrorin tugenensis, lived 6.1-5.7 Ma and still retained adapta...

NEWS 2026

New publications of our resource   in 2026 The initial phase of collecting data on LCF, accumulated prior to the 20th century, is largely complete. Next, we plan to analyze and synthesize thematic information, adding data from the 20th and 21st centuries. The work will focus primarily on: prevention, diagnosis, arthroscopy, plastic surgery, and endoprosthetics.  May 29 , 2026  LCF in 2026 (May)   Quotes from articl es and books published in May   2026 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris.    May 28 , 2026  Online Journal «A BOUT ROUND LIGAMENT OF FEMUR», May 2026 May 26 , 2026  20c.Wikstrom B   Sculpture depicting the circumstances and me chanism of the LCF injury.  May 23 , 2026  1990HarveyB   Sculpture depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the LCF injury.  May 22 , 2026  1981OrtnerDJ_PutscharWGJ The authors describe signs of LCF pathology in the remains of a Bronze Age individu al. May 21 , 2026...