Skip to main content

1833GerdyPN

 

P.N. Gerdy, in his experiment, discovered tensioning of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) during thigh adduction. At the same time, it was noted for the first time that the consequence of LCF tension during hip adduction is a downward and lateral displacement of the femoral head. Normally, this mechanism provides unloading of the upper articular surfaces when supporting one leg (see 1874SavoryWS).

The translation from French was done in collaboration with ChatGPT 3.5. 


Gerdy PN. Physiologie médicale, didactique et critique. T. 1. Paris: Librairie de Crochard, 1833. [fragment]

Quote pp. 551-554

 

L'inclinaison de la cuisse en dehors, que l'on nomme son abduction, est un mouvement assez étendu, mais qui pourtant ne permet pas à la cuisse de se placer perpendiculairement à sa direction verticale. Les batteleurs peuvent se reposer sur un plan horizontal, les cuisses écartées en sens opposé.

Dans l'inclinaison de la cuisse en dehors, la tête du fémur glisse de haut en bas dans la cavité cotyloïde, et se meut autour d'une ligne qui la traverse d'avant en arrière. Cependant, la capsule ligamenteuse se relâche par en haut, se tend par en bas, menace de se rompre, et la tête du fémur de se luxer dans ce sens mais le ligament inter-articulaire, qui s'est relâché dans ce mouvement parce que son attache supérieure s'est rapprochée de l'attache inférieure, se pelotonne dans la grande échancrure de la cavité cotyloïde, et il concourt à arrêter le mouvement du fémur, par le seul relief qu'il fait sur la tête de cet os. Ce relief concourt à borner ce mouvement, en s'accrochant pour ainsi dire contre le bourrelet qui convertit en trou la grande échancrure du bord de la cavité cotyloide. Et qu'on ne croie pas qu'il y ait rien de supposé dans cette explication! Je me suis assuré de l'exactitude de ce fait sur le cadavre, en emportant la partie antérieure de l'articulation pour étudier ensuite ce qui se passe dans son intérieur pendant ses mouvemens.

Les agens de l'abduction de la cuisse sont le tenseur de l'aponévrose fémorale, les muscles fessiers et pyramidal de la cuisse.

Les muscles qui résistent à ce mouvement sont le grèle interne, le pectiné et les adducteurs. Mais la jambe et le pied prolongent plus loin la résistance par leur poids.

Or, comme le fémur s'appuie toujours dans la cavité cotyloïde, il forme encore un levier du troisième genre. Dans cet effort, on voit toujours se dessiner le plan du tenseur de l'aponévrose fémorale, en dehors de la hanche, et l'aponévrose fémorale faire sentir en dehors du genou une sorte de corde tendineuse qui aboutit à un tubercule antérieur et externe du tibia. Il n'y a cependant point de tendon en cet endroit. Cette apparence tient à une disposition variable que j'ai décrite dans mon Anatomie des formes, à l'occasion de celle du genou.

Dans l'inclinaison de la cuisse en dedans, mouvement que l'on nomme son adduction, le fémur se porte en dedans et croise la cuisse opposée. Et si nous supposons qu'il la croise en passant par devant, alors la tête de cet os glisse de bas en haut dans la cavité cotyloïde, en tournant autour d'une ligne qui la traverserait d'avant en arrière et un peu en bas. Par ce mouvement, la tête du fémur entraîne en haut l'extrémité supérieure du ligament inter-articulaire qui, retenu par en bas, au bord même de sa cavité cotyloïde, se tend bientôt, par suite se redresse, et, si le mouvement continue, repousse le fémur hors de sa cavité articulaire, à-peu-près par le même mécanisme qu'il en serait repoussé si l'on tendait avec une force suffisante une corde qui, fixée au bord de la cavité cotyloïde, la traverserait d'un côté à l'autre par le milieu de sa largeur. Vous pouvez vérifier ce fait en emportant avec la scie la partie antérieure de l'articulation coxo-fémorale. En poussant alors le fémur dans l'adduction, vous verrez le ligament inter-articulaire détacher malgré vous, de haut en bas, la tête de l'os de la surface de sa cavité, et détruire une première résistance à la luxation du femur en haut et en dehors, je veux dire l'adhérence des deux surfaces humides qui ne peut être détruitc que par un assez grand effort. Le fémur chassé de sa cavité, le ligament inter-articulaire et la partie supérieure de la capsule ligamenteuse coxo-fémorale sont obligés de soutenir le poids du corps, sans le secours tout puissant du bord supérieur de la fosse cotyloïde, et si alors l'action du poids du corps se trouve augmentée par la vitesse d'une chute, ces ligamens peuvent se rompre, et la luxation en haut et en dehors en être la suite immédiate.

C'est en effet par ce mécanisme que survient cet accident. Si, à ces premières observations sur le mécanisme des luxations en haut et en dehors, vous ajoutez que les mouvemens d'adduction sont peu étendus comparativement à ceux d'abduction, vous comprendrez facilement qu'il doit se rencontrer plus de causes pour pousser la cuisse dans une adduction excessive, et dès lors vous comprendrez pourquoi les luxations du fémur en haut et en dehors sont moins rares que celles qui se font en bas et en dedans.

Cependant la saillie, plus considérable du bord supérieur de la cavité cotyloïde, la plus grande épaisseur de la capsule ligamenteuse en haut qu'en bas, la résistance du ligament inter-articulaire, le peu d'étendue de l'adduction de la cuisse, des dispositions tout opposées pour la partie antérieure et inférieure de l'articulation et des mouvemens d'abduction beaucoup plus étendus que ceux d'adduction, rendent encore inexplicable aux praticiens les plus distingués la rareté comparative des luxations en bas et en dedans; mais il me paraît évident, d'après ce que j'ai dit du mécanisme des mouvemens du fémur: 1°. Que la saiilie du bord supérieur de la cavité cotyloïde ne peut s'opposer à la luxation en haut et en arrière, puisque la moindre adduction de la cuisse fait sortir la tête du fémur hors de sa cavité articulaire; 2°. Que la résistance du ligament inter-articulaire et de la partie supérieure de la capsule ligamenteuse, ne saurait soutenir seule le poids du corps, augmenté par toute la vitesse d'une chute. Quant au peu d'étendue de l'ad- duction, cette circonstance favorise la luxation en haut et en dehors ainsi que je l'ai démontré. Je me crois donc fondé à trouver l'explication de la fréquence des luxations en haut et en dehors, dans le mécanisme des mouvemens du fémur, que je viens d'exposer, et dans la fréquence des causes qui peuvent porter le fémur dans une adduction foreée.

The outward tilt of the hip, known as abduction, is a relatively broad movement, yet it still does not allow the thigh to align perpendicular to its vertical direction. Jugglers can lean on a horizontal plane, spreading their thighs in opposite directions.

During outward tilting of the hip, the head of the femur slides up and down in the acetabulum and moves around a line that crosses it from front to back. However, the ligamentous capsule relaxes from above, stretches from below, threatening to tear and dislocate the head of the femur in this direction, while the intra-articular ligament, which relaxes during this movement because its upper attachment has moved closer to the lower attachment, nestles into the large notch of the acetabulum and contributes to stopping the movement of the femur, solely through the relief it creates on the head of this bone. This relief helps to limit this movement, so to speak, by pressing against the ridge [acetabular labrum?] that turns the large notch on the edge of the acetabulum into a hole. And let no one think that anything is assumed here! I confirmed the accuracy of this fact on a cadaver by removing the front part of the joint to study what happens inside it during its movements.

The agents of thigh abduction are the tensor fasciae latae muscle, the gluteal muscles, and the piriformis muscle of the thigh.

The muscles that oppose this movement are the gracilis, pectineus, and adductors. However, the leg and foot continue to resist further due to their weight.

Since the thigh always rests in the acetabulum, it forms a third-class lever. In this effort, one can always observe the involvement of the tensor fasciae latae outside the thigh, and the fascia lata is palpable outside the knee as a sort of tendinous cord that terminates at the anterior and lateral tubercle of the tibia. However, there is no tendon here. This appearance is due to a variable structure that I mentioned in my "Anatomy of Forms" regarding the structure of the knee.

During medial tilting of the thigh (a movement called adduction), the femur shifts medially and crosses the opposite thigh. And if we assume that it crosses it by passing in front, then the head of this bone slides up and down in the acetabulum, rotating around a line that would cross it from front to back and slightly downward. By this movement, the head of the femur pulls up the upper end of the intra-articular ligament, which, held from below at the very edge of its acetabular cavity, soon stretches, then straightens, and with further movement pushes the femur out of the joint cavity almost by the same mechanism as if it were pushed backward with sufficient force a rope, which, anchored at the edge of the acetabulum, would pass through it from one side to the other through its middle. You can verify this by removing the front part of the hip joint with a saw. Then, by directing the femur into adduction, you will see how the intra-articular ligament involuntarily separates the head of the bone from the surface of its cavity from top to bottom and destroys the initial resistance to dislocation of the femur, displacing it upwards and sideways, I mean the adhesion of two wet surfaces, which can only be destroyed by applying quite a large force. The femur, brought out of the acetabulum, the interarticular ligaments and the upper part of the hip joint capsule are forced to support the weight of the body without the almighty support of the upper edge of the acetabulum, and if at this moment the action of the weight is increased by the speed of the fall, these ligaments can tear, and dislocation upward and to the side will be the immediate result.

Indeed, this is precisely the mechanism by which this incident occurs. If to these primary observations about the mechanism of upward and outward dislocations we add that the movements of adduction are smaller compared to abduction, then it is easy to understand that there must be more reasons for forcing the hip into excessive adduction, and therefore understand why hip dislocations up and out are less rare than those that occur down and in.

However, the more prominent protrusion of the upper edge of the acetabulum, the greater thickness of the ligamentous capsule at the top compared to the bottom, the resistance of the intra-articular ligament, the limited movement of thigh adduction, opposite locations for the anterior and inferior parts of the joint, and the wider movements of abduction compared to adduction further complicate the understanding for even the most experienced practitioners regarding the relative rarity of dislocations downwards and inwards. However, in my view, based on the mechanism of thigh movements that I have just outlined: 1°. The protrusion of the upper edge of the acetabulum cannot resist dislocation upwards and backwards, since even slight adduction of the thigh removes the femoral head from its joint cavity; 2°. The resistance of the intra-articular ligament and the upper part of the ligamentous capsule cannot independently withstand the weight of the body increased by the speed of falling. As for the limited movement of adduction, this characteristic contributes to dislocation upwards and outwards, as I have shown.  I therefore believe that the explanation for the frequency of upward and outward dislocations is to be found in the mechanism of movement of the hip which I have just outlined, and also in the frequency of causes which may force the hip into forced adduction.




External links

Gerdy PN. Physiologie médicale, didactique et critique. T. 1. Paris: Librairie de Crochard, 1833. [books.google]

Authors & Affiliations

Pierre Nicolas Gerdy (1797-1856) was a French surgeon, anatomist, pathologist and physiologist, professor with the Faculty of Medicine in Paris. wikipedia.org

Portrait of Pierre Nicolas Gerdy (unknown date)
The author of the image is Maurir; engaved by Rosselin;
Original in the wikimedia.org collection (CC0 – Public Domain, no changes)

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, ligament inter-articulaire, anatomy, physiology, role, significance 

                                                                     .

NB! Fair practice / use: copied for the purposes of criticism, review, comment, research and private study in accordance with Copyright Laws of the US: 17 U.S.C. §107; Copyright Law of the EU: Dir. 2001/29/EC, art.5/3a,d; Copyright Law of the RU: ГК РФ ст.1274/1.1-2,7

ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

THE DOCTRINE OF LCF

  THE DOCTRINE OF  ligamentum capitis femoris:   An Instrument of Knowledge and Innovation. Definition: A set of theoretical provisions on all aspects of knowledge about the anatomical element ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). 1. Structure of the Doctrine of LCF 2.  Practical Application of the Doctrine of LCF : 2.1. Diagnostics 2.1. Prevention   2.3. Prognosis 2.4. Pathology 2.5. Veterinary   2.6. Professions     2.7. Products     2.8. Surgery   3. Theory of LCF Mechanics    4. The Base of the Doctrine of LCF 5. Stairway to the Past or History of the Doctrine of LCF 6. Ultimate Depth of Researches   7. Appendices 7.1. Acceptable Synonyms      Structure of the Doctrine of  ligamentum  capitis  femoris .       E     a     R                   T                   ...

Who, When, and Where Wrote the Book of Genesis?

  Who, When, and Where Wrote the Book of Genesis?  A Medical Hypothesis By Sergey V. Arkhipov, MD, PhD & Lyudmila N. Arkhipova, BSN     CONTENT [i]   Abstract [ii]   Introduction [iii]   Egyptian physician [iv]   Asian diviner [v]   Conclusion [vi]   References [vii]   Application [i]   Abstract The Book of Genesis is an example of an ancient literary text that contains important medical insights. We propose that it was written in northern Egypt in the late 17th century BCE, approximately ten years after the Minoan eruption. The protograph likely emerged from the collaboration between an Asiatic seer, who rose to the rank of an Egyptian official, and an Egyptian physician-encyclopedist. By refining its dating and authorship, this hypothesis positions Genesis as a credible source of medical and historical data, thereby enhancing its value for interdisciplinary research. [ii]   Introduction According to Rabbinic Judais...

Tweet of February 17, 2026

  The study has revealed extensive literary parallels, cosmogonic similarities, and significant lexical and cultural borrowings in the Genesis from Mesopotamia and, most notably, from Egypt. See: https://kruglayasvyazka.blogspot.com/2026/02/blog-post.html [Ru] Tweet of February 17, 2026 #Bible # Genesis #ligamentum_teres   BLOG CONTENT TWITTER OR X                                                                            

LCF in 2025 (May)

  LCF in 2025 (May): Quotes from articles and books published in May 2025 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris. Teytelbaum, D. E., Bijanki, V., Samuel, S. P., Silva, S., Israel, H., & van Bosse, H. J. Does Open Reduction of Arthrogrypotic Hips Cause Stiffness?. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics , 10-1097. DOI: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000002940  [i]   journals.lww.com   SANTORI, N., & TECCE, S. M. (2025). FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN ARTHROSCOPY FOR HIP TRAUMA. Advancements of Hip Arthroscopy in Trauma , 136-143.  [ii]   books.google   RANDELLI, F. (2025). ARTHROSCOPIC FREE-BODY REMOVAL AFTER DISLOCATION OR AFTER BULLET/BOMB. Advancements of Hip Arthroscopy in Trauma , 1-11.  [iii]   books.google   APRATO, A. (2025). ARTHROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES FOR FEMORAL HEAD FRACTURE REDUCTION AND FIXATION. Advancements of Hip Arthroscopy in Trauma , 38.  [iv]   books.google   Brinkman, J. C., & Hartigan, D. E. (2025). Indications f...

LCF in 2026 (January)

  L CF in 2026 ( January )   (Quotes from articles and books published in  January  2026 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris)   Villegas Meza, A. D., Nocek, M., Felan, N. A., Speshock, A., Bolia, I. K., & Philippon, M. J. (2025). Hip Microinstability: Current Concepts in Diagnosis, Surgical Management, and Outcomes A Narrative Review. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine , 205-221.   [i]   tandfonline.com   ,   dovepress.com   Wang, C. H., Wang, J. H., Lin, Y. H., Shih, C. A., & Hong, C. K. (2026). An Unusual Mechanical Cause of Hip Subluxation Following Modified Dunn Procedure for Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: A Case Report. Formosan Journal of Musculoskeletal Disorders , 10-4103.   [ii]     journals.lww.com   Alsaghaier, A. (2026). Results of spica cast in treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip in children between 6-18 Months. Journal of Academic Research , 30 , 28-43.   [...

LCF in 2025 (December)

  LCF in 2025 ( December)   (Quotes from articles and books published in  December  2025 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris)   Sarassa, C., Aristizabal, S., Mejía, R., García, J. J., Quintero, D., & Herrera, A. M. (2025). Intraosseous Tunneling and Ligamentum Teres Ligamentodesis “Teretization” to Enhance Stability in Congenital Hip Dislocation Surgery: Surgical Technique and Mid-Term Outcomes. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics , 10-1097.   [i]      journals.lww.com   Kampouridis, P., Svorligkou, G., Spassov, N., & Böhme, M. (2025). Postcranial anatomy of the Late Miocene Eurasian hornless rhinocerotid Chilotherium. PLoS One , 20 (12), e0336590.     [ii]      journals.plos.org   Burdette, T. N., Hsiou, C. L., McDonough, S. P., Pell, S., Ayers, J., Divers, T. J., & Delvescovo, B. Sidewinder syndrome associated with complete rupture of the ligamentum capitis ossis femoris in a horse. Eq...

CRITICAL MASS OF CONSENSUS

Online version from 07/03/2025   Critical mass of consensus:  Opinions on the importance of ligamentum capitis femoris (XX-XXI century) Arkhipov S . V. Content [i]   Abstract [ii]   Opinions [iii]   Authors & Affiliations [iv]   References [v]   Appendices [i]   Abstract This evolving article collects views on the importance of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) to the musculoskeletal system. Our collection aims to highlight the emerging fundamental shift in the current consensus in the orthopaedic and musculoskeletal research communities regarding the meaning of LCF. Here the convinced convince others. Ultimately, this once-unconventional idea will become established knowledge, enabling a transformation in clinicians’ thinking and in approaches to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hip joint pathologies. [ii]   Opinions   2025 «The LT [LCF] works as a secondary static stabilizer of the hip by acting as a sling to preven...

13c.Soligalich

   Soligalich , icon, Jacob wrestling with the angel ( 13 cent. ).   Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob wa s left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank.  ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work:  Ninth month, eleventh day   ( 2024 АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ).     Soligalich  – Jacob Wrestling with the Angel ( 13 cent. ); original in the  leonovval...

Main Scheme

  Interaction of ligaments of the hip joint and muscles during single-leg support  BLOG CONTENT IMAGES AND VIDEOS

ACETABULAR CANAL

   Acetabular Canal  (Anatomy, topography and significance of the functioning area of ​​the ligamentum capitis femoris) Acetabular Canal.  Part 1.   This article describes the space where the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) attaches and functions.  Acetabular Canal.  Part 2.   This article describes the space where the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) attaches and functions.  Acetabular Canal.  Part 3.   This article describes the space where the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) attaches and functions.  Topography of the Acetabular Canal. Classification   Pathology of the Acetabular Canal . Classification BLOG CONTENT THE DOCTRINE OF LCF MORPHOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY                                                                           ...