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1879TillauxPJ

 

The author discusses the anatomy, topography, and role of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). According to P.J. Tillaux, this structure "...is the retaining ligament; it prevents the head from being pressed in the upper part against the bottom of the acetabulum." Similar views were expressed earlier by 1820PallettaGB, 1857TurnerW, and 1874SavoryWS. The author does not deny that the LCF also serves as a conduit for vessels and nerves, supporting M.P.C.Sappey. At the same time, the priority of this view should be recognized for 1820PallettaGB. 


 

Tillaux PJ. Traite d’anatomie topographique avec applications à la chirurgie. Deuxieme edition, Revue corrigée et augmentée. Deuxieme partie. Paris: P. Asselin, 1879. [fragments]

Quote p. 936

 


Fig. 237. Coupe verticale de l'articulation coxo-fémorale passant par le milieu du ligament rond. LR, ligament rond. MO, portion de la membrane obturatrice.

Figure 237. Vertical section of the hip joint through the center of the ligamentum teres. LR, ligamentum teres. MO, part of the obturator membrane.

Quote pp. 936-937

Le bourrelet cotyloïdien (BC, fig. 237) présente à la coupe la forme d'un triangle dont la base repose sur le sourcil et dont le sommet est libre. Ce dernier est légèrement renversé vers l'axe de la cavité, de façon à s'appliquer hermétiquement sur la tête du fémur. Il se continue en dedans avec le cartilage qui revêt la cavité, et en dehors avec la capsule articulaire. En passant sur l'échancrure inférieure, le bourrelet, au lieu de la niveler, se porte d'un bord à l'autre

à la manière d'un pont, et la convertit en un trou par lequel pénètrent des vaisseaux qui se rendent à la tête de l'os.

Extrémité supérieure du fémur. - L'extrémité supérieure du fémur se compose: d'une tête, d'un col et de deux tubérosités, le grand et le petit trochanter.

La tête du fémur regarde en haut, en arrière et en dedans. Régulièrement arrondie et formant les trois quarts d'une sphère, elle est recouverte d'un cartilage plus épais au centre qu'à la circonférence. A quelques millimètres audessous de son sommet, et sur un point un peu plus rapproché de sa face postérieure que de l'antérieure, la tête du fémur est creusée d'une dépression assez profonde qui donne insertion à un ligament, le ligament rond.

The acetabular margin (BC, Fig. 237) has a cross-sectional shape of a triangle, the base of which rests on the eyebrow, and the apex is free. The latter is slightly turned towards the axis of the cavity to snugly fit against the head of the femur. Internally, it continues with cartilage covering the joint cavity, and externally with the joint capsule. Passing through the lower notch, the collar, instead of aligning it, moves from one edge to the other, like a bridge, and turns it into an opening through which the vessels pass to the head of the bone.

Upper end of the femur. - The upper end of the femur consists of: a head, a neck and two tubercles, a greater and lesser trochanter.

The head of the femur faces up, back and inward. Uniformly rounded and forming three-quarters of a sphere, it is covered with cartilage, thicker in the center than at the periphery. A few millimeters below its apex and slightly closer to its posterior surface than to its anterior surface, the head of the femur has a fairly deep fossa in which the round ligament is attached.

Quote p. 938

 


Fig. 238. Articulation coxo-femorale. Coupe verticale et transversale passant par le miliew du grand trochanter. Adulte, grandeur naturelle.

C, C, capsule articulaire.

CF, col du fémur.

CG, cavité cotyloïde.

GT, grand trochanter.

LR, ligament rond.

PT, petit trochanter.

S, S, synoviale.

TF, tête du fémur.

Figure 238. Hip Joint. Vertical and transverse sections passing through the center of the greater trochanter. Adult, natural size.

C, C, joint capsule.

CF, femoral neck.

CG, acetabulum.

GT, greater trochanter.

LR, round ligament.

PT, lesser trochanter.

S, S, synovial membrane.

TF, femoral head.

Quote p. 939

Moyens d'union. Les moyens d'union du fémur avec l'os coxal sont un ligament intra-articulaire, ligament rond, et un ligament périphérique, capsulaire. Le ligament rond (LR, fig. 237 et 238) est situé dans l'intérieur de l'articulation, entre la tête du fémur et le fond de la cavité cotyloïde. La disposition de ce ligament est singulière, et une certaine obscurité règne encore sur le rôle qu'il est destiné à remplir. Il s'attache d'une part, à la dépression qui existe un peu au-dessous du centre de la tête du fémur; d'autre part, au pourtour de l'échancrure inférieure du rebord cotyloïdien, et à la bandelette qui convertit en trou cette échancrure. Il ne s'étend pas directement par le chemin le plus court aux deux surfaces osseuses contiguës, comme le font les ligaments interosseux aussi cette dernière expression ne lui convient-elle nullement. Le ligament rond, situé dans un plan vertical, est oblique de haut en bas et de dedans en dehors, c'est-à-dire que son insertion au fémur est plus rapprochée du fond de la cavité que son insertion à l'os iliaque. Il en résulte qu'il est en quelque sorte enroulé sur le segment inférieur de la tête du fémur. Ce ligament ne sert donc pas assurément à consolider l'union des surfaces articulaires.

Lorsque le fémur est porté dans l'abduction, le ligament se déroule et se relâche; lorsqu'il est porté dans l'adduction, le ligament se tend et s'applique plus fortement sur la tête du fémur, à ce point que Gerdy lui attribuait alors une certaine action sur la production des luxations, comme si la tête du fémur pouvait être à la fois la cause et l'effet. On a donc pu croire que le ligament rond était destiné à limiter le mouvement d'adduction de la cuisse mais qui ne voit que ce mouvement est tout naturellement limité par le rapprochement des deux membres inférieurs l'un de l'autre et par la masse des muscles adducteurs? L'opinion la plus généralement acceptée aujourd'hui sur le rôle du ligament rond, a été émise par M. Sappey. Pour cet habile anatomiste, «le ligament rond a pour usage principal de protéger les vaisseaux qui se portent à la tête du fémur.» Qu'il soit utilisé à cet effet, cela n'est pas douteux, puisqu'il renferme dans son épaisseur un faisceau vasculo-nerveux; ce faisceau est même assez développé pour s'opposer à la nécrose de la tête fémorale lorsqu'elle est complétement séparée du col. Mais que ce soit là son usage principal, je ne le pense pas.

Son rôle est beaucoup plus important. Étant donné d'une part l'extrême minceur du fond de la cavité cotyloïde, et d'autre part la résistance considérable du col du fémur, vous êtes-vous demandé comment il se faisait que, dans un choc direct sur le grand trochanter, c'est toujours le col qui se brise et non la cavité? N'est-il pas évident que, si rien ne s'opposait à la pression de la tête sur le fond de la cavité cotyloïde, celle-ci serait défoncée bien avant que le col cédât? Or, tel est le rôle rempli par le ligament rond: c'est un ligament d'arrêt; il s'oppose à ce que la tête vienne presser par son sommet sur le fond de la cavité cotyloïde. On comprend dès lors la singulière direction de ce ligament et son interposition entre les surfaces articulaires.

On pourra objecter que le ligament rond, bien que solide, se laisse cependant arracher dans les mouvements de rotation du membre et qu'il est incapable d'opposer au choc une résistance égale à celle du col. Cela est vrai: aussi n'est-ce pas seulement par sa résistance directe qu'il remplit le but que je crois devoir lui assigner. Regardez la figure 237, et vous comprendrez que l'arrêt opposé par ce ligament à l'enfoncement de la tête suffit pour que celle-ci vienne presser non sur le fond, mais sur les parois de la cavité, qui présentent une résistance extrême. En effet, l'obliquité et l'enroulement du ligament font que la tête nonseulement est retenue, mais exécute un mouvement de bascule qui l'applique sur les parois et principalement sur la paroi supérieure. Le peloton adipeux qui remplit le fond de la cavité joue à l'égard de la tête le rôle de tampon et s'associe à l'action du ligament rond.

Means of connection. The means of connecting the femur to the pelvic bone consist of the intra-articular ligament, the round ligament, and the peripheral ligament, or the capsular ligament. The round ligament (LR, see Figures 237 and 238) is situated within the joint, between the head of the femur and the floor of the acetabulum. The positioning of this ligament is unique, and there remains some ambiguity regarding the role it is intended to perform. On one hand, it attaches to a depression located slightly below the center of the femoral head; on the other hand, it wraps around the lower notch of the acetabular rim and the ligament, transforming this notch into a hole. It does not extend directly along the shortest path between two adjacent bony surfaces, as interosseous ligaments do, and this latter concept does not apply to it at all. The round ligament, located in the vertical plane, is inclined from top to bottom and from inside to outside, meaning its attachment to the femur is closer to the bottom of the acetabulum than its attachment to the ilium. As a result, it appears to wrap around the lower segment of the femoral head. Therefore, this ligament clearly does not serve to strengthen the connection of the articular surfaces.

When the femur is abducted, the ligament unwinds and relaxes; when the femur is adducted, the ligament tightens and presses more firmly against the femoral head, to the extent that Gerdy attributed to it a certain influence on the occurrence of dislocations, as if the femoral head could be both the cause and the result simultaneously. Therefore, we might assume that the round ligament is intended to limit the movement of hip adduction, but who does not see that this movement is naturally limited by the approximation of the two lower limbs to each other and the mass of adductor muscles? Today, the most widely accepted view of the role of the round ligament is Mr. Sappey's viewpoint. According to this experienced anatomist, "the main purpose of the round ligament is to protect the vessels leading to the femoral head." That it is used for this purpose is beyond doubt, as within its thickness lies a neurovascular bundle; this bundle is developed enough to resist necrosis of the femoral head when it is fully detached from the neck. But I do not think that this is its primary purpose.

Its role is far more important. Considering, on the one hand, the extreme thinness of the bottom of the acetabulum, and on the other hand, the significant resistance of the neck of the femur, have you ever wondered how it happens that with a direct blow to the greater tubercle, the neck, and not the socket, always breaks? Isn't it obvious that if nothing prevented the pressure of the head on the bottom of the acetabulum, it would be deformed much earlier than the neck would be crushed? So this is the role played by the round ligament: it is the retaining ligament; it prevents the head from being pressed in the upper part against the bottom of the acetabulum. Thus, we understand the unique direction of this ligament and its location between the articular surfaces.

One might argue that while the round ligament, although strong, can still be torn during rotational movements of the limb and is not able to withstand impact with the same resistance as the neck. This is true: not only by its direct resistance does it achieve the purpose which, I believe, ought to be assigned to it. Look at Figure 237, and you will understand that the obstacle created by this ligament for the immersion of the head is sufficient to prevent it from pressing not on the bottom, but on the walls of the cavity, which have extremely high resistance. Indeed, the inclination and tortuosity of the ligament means that the head is not only held, but also makes a rocking movement that presses it against the walls, mainly against the upper wall. The fatty mass that fills the bottom of the cavity plays the role of a shock absorber in relation to the head and is associated with the action of the round ligament.

Quote p. 941

La fracture extra-articulaire occupe la base du col; la fracture intra-articulaire siége à l'union de la tête et du col. Ces deux fractures se produisent par un mécanisme différent et dont rendent bien compte les dispositions anatomiques.

Voyons d'abord la fracture extra-articulaire. Nous avons dit plus haut que l'axe transversal du grand trochanter et l'axe du col se croisaient en formant un angle saillant en avant, et que l'intersection se faisait à la base du col au niveau de la ligne qui va du grand au petit trochanter. On conçoit donc qu'une pression exercée d'une part sur la tête du fémur, d'autre part sur le grand trochanter, tende à augmenter cet angle et finisse par fracturer l'os au point d'intersection. D'après une autre théorie, soutenue principalement par M. Chassaignac, dans une chute sur le grand trochanter, le col se redresse, l'angle qu'il forme avec la diaphyse tend à s'agrandir et l'os finit par céder, les fibres inférieures se rompant les premières. Quoi qu'il en soit de la théorie, les nombreuses expériences de Bonnet (de Lyon), de MM. Brun et Rodet, ses élèves, ont démontré que la cause prochaine de la fracture extra-capsulaire était une chute ou un choc direct sur le grand trochanter. Que se passe-t-il alors?

La pression est transmise immédiatement à la tête du fémur et au fond de la cavité cotyloïde. Si cette dernière n'était pas suffisamment protégée, elle céderait rapidement, vu son peu de résistance, et la tête de l'os pénétrerait dans la cavité pelvienne, complication extrêmement rare, observée cependant par Dupuytren; mais, grâce à la présence du bourrelet adipeux qui forme tampon, grâce au ligament rond qui joue le rôle de frein, et surtout à la forme de la tête, la pression s'exerce non sur le fond, mais sur les parois de la cavité. Or, celles-ci reposent sur des colonnes osseuses d'une extrême résistance (voir fig. 238). Serré entre l'os iliaque et le sol, le col se brise à sa base, dans un point qui est en définitive le moins résistant, puisque l'os n'est guère formé à ce niveau que de tissu spongieux.

The first type of fracture, or extracapsular fracture, occurs at the base of the femoral neck; the second type, or intracapsular fracture, occurs at the junction of the head and neck. These two types of fractures occur through different mechanisms, which are reflected in anatomical features.

Let's first consider the extracapsular fracture. As mentioned earlier, the transverse axis of the greater trochanter and the axis of the neck intersect, forming a prominence forward, and the intersection occurs at the base of the neck at the level of a line drawn from the greater to the lesser trochanter. Therefore, it is easy to imagine that the pressure acting on one side on the femoral head and on the other side on the greater trochanter tends to increase this angle and ultimately leads to a fracture of the bone at the point of intersection. According to another theory, primarily supported by Mr. M. Chassaignac, when falling on the greater trochanter, the neck straightens, the angle it forms with the diaphysis tends to increase, and the bone ultimately fractures, first tearing the lower fibers. Whatever the theory, numerous experiments by Bonnet (of Lyon), by MM. Brun and Rodet, his students, have shown that a direct blow or falling on the greater trochanter is the immediate cause.

The pressure is instantaneously transmitted to the femoral head and the acetabulum. If the latter were not adequately protected, it would quickly break due to its low resistance, and the head of the bone would penetrate into the pelvic cavity, which is an extremely rare complication, but observed by Dupuytren; however, thanks to the presence of a layer of fat, which acts as a shock absorber, thanks to the round ligament, which acts as a brake, and above all thanks to the shape of the femoral head, the pressure is exerted not on the bottom, but on the walls of the acetabulum. These walls are based on columns of bone of extremely high strength (see Figure 238). Wedged between the ilium and the ground, the neck fractures at its base, at a point that ultimately is the least strong because the bone at this level is predominantly composed of cancellous tissue.

 

Quote p. 945

Synoviale. La synoviale de l'articulation coxo-fémorale tapisse le fond de la cavité cotyloïde, entoure le ligament rond auquel elle forme une gaîne, et recouvre toute la tête du fémur; elle descend sur le col, et, après un trajet d'un centimètre environ, se réfléchit sur la face interne de la capsule. En avant, elle envoie souvent à travers celle-ci un prolongement qui se continue avec la bourse séreuse du psoas, et sur lequel j'ai déjà insisté.

Synovial membrane. The synovial membrane of the hip joint lines the floor of the acetabulum, surrounds the round ligament, with which it forms a pedicle, and covers the entire femoral head; it descends onto the neck and, after descending approximately one centimeter, transitions to the inner surfaces of the capsule. Frequently, it sends an extension anteriorly through the capsule, which connects with the synovial pouch of the iliac muscle, as I have previously pointed out.

Quote p. 947

 

Mais sous quelle influence se produisent la flexion et l'abduction du membre au début de la coxalgie? Il est probable qu'elles sont le résultat d'un épanchement de liquide dans la capsule; c'est du moins ce qui semble ressortir de l'ingénieuse expérience instituée par M. Parise (de Lille) et que j'ai l'habitude de répéter à mon cours de la manière suivante. Une articulation coxo-fémorale est préparée et le fémur coupé vers sa partie moyenne. On pénètre dans la capsule en faisant un trou à la base du grand trochanter à l'aide d'une vrille et l'on injecte de l'eau par ce trou. La capsule se distend et l'on voit en même temps le fémur se fléchir et se porter en abduction, expérience qui me semble très-concluante. L'injection de liquide dans la capsule coxo-fémorale ne repousse pas la tête du fémur hors de la cavité; cependant, lorsque dans une arthrite aiguë, par exemple, la sérosité ou le pus s'accumulent peu à peu et en abondance, la capsule se distend, se relâche, le ligament rond disparaît, et l'on conçoit qu'un léger mouvement de rotation exécuté dans le lit ou même la contraction musculaire puissent alors déterminer une luxation spontanée. Mais en général les deux conditions qui favorisent cette luxation sont la destruction, l'usure, l'atrophie du sourcil cotyloïdien et la communication de la cavité articulaire avec l'air extérieur : aussi, règle générale, ne doit-on donner issue aux abcès froids de la hanche que lorsqu'ils menacent de s'ouvrir spontanément, et encore fautil éviter autant que possible l'entrée de l'air. Les frères Weber nous ont appris en effet que la tête est maintenue appliquée dans la cavité par la pression atmosphérique. C'est pour cela qu'à la suite d'une fracture intra-articulaire, par exemple, la tête du fémur, au lieu de se dégager, reste incluse dans la cavité.

La démonstration de ce fait physiologique remarquable est facile. Une articulation coxo-fémorale étant préparée, divisez complétement la capsule, la tête ne quitte pas pour cela la cavité ; elle résiste même à une certaine traction. Pratiquez par le bassin un petit trou au fond de la cavité cotyloïde : immédiatement la tête abandonne sa place et reste suspendue au ligament rond.

Under the influence of what do flexion and abduction of the limb occur in the initial stage of coxalgia? Presumably, they result from fluid accumulation in the capsule; at least, that is the conclusion that seems to follow from the ingenious experiment conducted by Mr. M. Parise (of Lille), which I often repeat in my classes as follows. The hip joint is prepared, and the thigh is severed approximately in the middle. A hole is drilled into the base of the greater trochanter, and water is injected through this hole into the capsule. The capsule stretches, and at the same time, it is observed that the thigh flexes and abducts, which I find to be a very convincing experiment. The introduction of fluid into the hip capsule does not push the femoral head out of the acetabulum; however, when, for example, in acute arthritis, serous fluid or pus gradually accumulates abundantly, the capsule stretches, weakens, the round ligament disappears, and one can imagine that even slight rotational movements in bed or muscle contractions can cause spontaneous dislocation. But usually, two factors contributing to this dislocation are the destruction, wear, and atrophy of the rim of the acetabulum and communication of the joint cavity with the external air: therefore, cold abscesses of the thigh should generally be opened only if they threaten to rupture spontaneously, and one should avoid, if possible, the entry of air. The Weber brothers taught us that the head is held in the acetabulum by atmospheric pressure. Therefore, for example, in an intracapsular fracture, instead of exiting, the femoral head remains in the cavity.

The demonstration of this remarkable fact of physiology is quite simple. Having prepared the hip joint, completely cut the capsule: the head does not leave the cavity; she even resists some traction. Make a small hole in the bottom of the acetabulum from the inside of the pelvis: immediately the head leaves its place and remains suspended on the round ligament.

Quote p. 948

Si l'on considère que l'artère et la veine crurales, ainsi que le nerf crural, sont situées à la partie antérieure de l'articulation et en rendent l'accès impossible de ce côté; que le grand trochanter, fortement déjeté en dehors, ne permet pas une incision externe, on comprendra que la seule voie accessible à l'articulation coxo-fémorale est la face postérieure. Le sujet étant couché sur le côté, on pratiquera une incision verticale, légèrement courbe, encadrant le bord postérieur du grand trochanter, et l'on divisera couche par couche jusque sur la capsule. Celle-ci étant largement ouverte, on imprimera au membre inférieur préalablement fléchi un mouvement brusque de rotation en dedans qui suffira pour déchirer le ligament rond et dégager la tête de la cavité.

Considering that the femoral artery and vein, as well as the femoral nerve, are located on the front of the joint and make access to it from this side impossible; Since the greater trochanter, strongly displaced to the side, does not allow an external incision to be made, it can be understood that the only accessible route to the hip joint is the posterior surface. With the patient lying on their side, a vertical, slightly curved incision is made around the posterior edge of the greater trochanter, and layer by layer of tissue will be separated down to the capsule. After a wide opening of the capsule, the lower limb, previously bent, is subjected to a sharp rotational movement inward, which is sufficient to rupture the round ligament and release the head from the cavity.




External links

Tillaux PJ. Traite d’anatomie topographique avec applications à la chirurgie. Deuxieme edition, Revue corrigée et augmentée. Deuxieme partie. Paris: P. Asselin, 1879. [books.google]

Authors & Affiliations

Paul Jules Tillaux (1834–1904) was a French physician, surgeon and professor of surgery in Paris, was a member of the Académie de Médecine. [wikipedia.org]



Portraits of Paul Jules Tillaux. Unknown dates, unknown authors; Originals in the wikimedia.org collection (left, right), see too Photograph of Wellcome Collection gallery; (CC0 – Public Domain, collage)

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, role, significance, anatomy

                                                                     .

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  Classification of Joints with Flexible Elements The classification of joints with flexible elements was first proposed by A.S. Arkhipova in 2016 and presented at conferences in 2016-2017 ( 2017АрхиповаАС ). Joints with flexible elements are divided by the author into detachable and non-detachable, three-axis, two-axis, and single-axis. Each can contain in various combinations one or more external and internal flexible elements - analogs of joint ligaments, including the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). Conditional designations of joints with flexible elements using the example of a ball joint: Detachable ball joint with an internal flexible element Non-detachable ball joint with an internal flexible element Detachable ball joint with an external flexible element Non-detachable ball joint with an external flexible element Detachable ball joint with both internal and external flexible elements Non-detachable ball joint with both internal and external flexible elements Flexible e

1879MorrisH

  Fragments of the book Morris H. The anatomy of the joints of man (1879) dedicated to ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). The author discusses the anatomy of the LCF and describes his experiments to study its movement.   Quote p p . 318-319 The acetabulum is partly articular, partly non-articular. The articular portion is of horseshoe shape, and extends inwards from the margin, more or less. It is altogether deficient at the cotyloid notch, which corresponds with the gap of the horseshoe. It is the widest at the iliac part, where it is over one inch from without inwards; then it very gradually gets narrower along the ischium, but widens out again at the ischial end of the cotyloid notch ; forwards from the pubo-iliac suture it narrows more rapidly, and does not extend quite up to the pubic end of the cotyloid notch. At its narrowest point in an adult bone it measures half an inch in width. When coated with cartilage, and fringed round with the cotyloid ligament, it fits very closel

DIAGNOSTICS AND EXAMINATION

  DIAGNOSTICS AND EXAMINATION   (Diagnostic, examination and testing methods... ) Catalog. LCF Pathology Tests   Tests for the detection of pathology LCF.  2004VialleR_GlorionC  The article discusses the examination technique for dislocation of the femur and describes the radiographic symptom of infringement of the damaged LCF. BLOG CONTENT

150-250Targum Jonathan

  Fragments from the Targum Jonathan on Genesis. Tractate was written between about 150 - 250 in lend of Israel. The text is a combination of a translation and commentary on the book of Bereshit. The unknown compiler mentions ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) in an animal and an episode of its damage in a human. See our commentary at the link: 150-250Targum Jonathan [Rus]. Quote 1. [Heb] Genesis. 32:33 (original source:  sefaria.org ) Quote 2. [Heb] Genesis. 43:16 (original source:  sefaria.org ) Translation Quote 1. [Eng] Genesis. 32:33 Therefore, the sons of Israel eat not the sinew which shrank, which is in the hollow of the thigh of cattle and of wild animals, until this day; because the Angel touched and laid hold of the hollow of the right thigh of Jakob, in the place of the sinew which shrank. (Transl. by J.W. Etheridge (186 2 ) ; original source: targum.info ) Quote 2. [Eng] Genesis. 43:16 And Joseph saw Benjamin with them: and he said to Menasheh whom he had made superintende

1679DiemerbroeckI

  Fragments from the book Diemerbroeck I. Anatome corporis humani (1679). The author describes the pathology variants, function, topography and attachment of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). The damage to the LCF in hip dislocation, symptoms and treatment are discussed. The text is similar to a paraphrase of Hegetor's work «On Causes» and Galen of Pergamon's commentary on Hippocrates' treatise «On Joints» ( 1745CocchiA ;  2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV ). Isbrand van Diemerbroeck uses many synonyms for LCF: nervus cartilaginosus, terete, teres, rotundum ligamentum, interius ligamentum. Quote p. 593. [Lat] CAPUT XIX. De Ossibus Femoris, & Cruris. Superius procesum crassum, versus coxendicis os prominentem, eique epiphyin rotundam & amplam impositam habet, sicque globosum femoris caput, valida cervice subnixum, constituit, quod cartilagine obductum in coxendicis acetabulum reconditur, in eoque duobus validis ligamentis detinetur: uno lato, crasso, & membranoso,

2014ArkhipovaAS

  In 2014, at the International Olympics Space for school students, Alexandra Arkhipova presented a report on the feasibility of using joints with flexible elements in walking machines. The author was recognized as the overall winner (more details: cyclowiki.org ). The report suggested: «An important area of possible application of walking robots would be remote exploration of other planets». Ten years later, professionals from NASA began to put this idea into practice: Robot dog trains to walk on Moon in Oregon trials (more details: bbc.com ). Below we present the text of the first message about walking machines in space, the ball joint of which contains a flexible element - an analogue of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF).   Mobile biomorphic platforms with analogues of natural locomotion algorithms Arkhipova A.S. For ten years of its mission, American wheeled Mars rover vehicle 'Opportunity' covered just 40 kilometers through the Red Planet, and its twin Spirit go