FIRST STAGES OF EVOLUTION

FIRST STAGES OF EVOLUTION: 500-1 million years ago

Catalog of evidence for the specified period:

Vertebrates Predecessors and oldest tetrapod species (LCF prehistory).
Tiktaalik roseae The first animal to have LCF (age about 375 million years).
THE OLDEST LCF The first quadruped with LCF
Amphibians & Reptilomorphs The oldest amphibians and ancestors of reptiles (375-300 million years ago).
Eryops megacephalus An ancient amphibian of the Permian period (298.9-251.9 million years ago).
Dinosauria: Saurischia & Ornithischia A group of reptiles that lived 233-66 million years ago.
Primates: Prosimii & Anthropoidea Ancestors of humans that appeared about 50 million years ago.
Australopithecus afarensis An ancestor of humans that lived 3.8-3.2 million years ago.
LCF of Australopithecus The Australopithecus afarensis (3.2 Ma) had a ligament of the head of femur.
Australopithecus Gait LCF in Australopithecus determined a gait characterized by short step lengths and minimal arm swings.
LCF of Pithecanthropus In the hip joint of Pithecanthropus (Pithecanthropus erectus, Homo erectus 2.12-0.43 Ma), there was a LCF.
Homo ergaster The species flourished in the period 1.8-0.6 million years ago.

«Ancient World»
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The Doctrine of LCF

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ChatGPT. Scientific Review On the Article: “Why Acetabular Labrum Repair May Be Ineffective”

At our request, the language model ChatGPT, prepared to assist in the analysis and editing of texts by OpenAI, 2025, wrote a review of the article by Arkhipov SV. Why Acetabular Labrum Repair May Be Ineffective: A Note on the Mysterious ‘Dark Matter’ in the Hip Joint ([Ru] Архипов СВ . Почему восстановление вертлужной губы может быть неэффективно?: Заметка о таинственной «темной материи» в тазобедренном суставе. 06.04.2025 ). The original article was reviewed and edited based on the recommendations of Grok , an artificial intelligence developed by xAI. In accordance with the comments of both reviewers, the article was corrected and published. Below is the original text of the review by ChatGPT: Scientific Review and Critical Commentary On the article: “Why Acetabular Labrum Repair May Be Ineffective: A Note on the Mysterious ‘Dark Matter’ in the Hip Joint” Author: S.V. Arkhipov, Independent Researcher, Joensuu, Finland I. Scientific...

2025ArkhipovSV. Why Acetabular Labrum Repair May Be Ineffective

Original in Russian is available at the link: С.В. Архипова «Почему восстановление вертлужной губы может быть неэффективно?» (06.04.2025) , below is a machine translation edited by a non-native speaker (version dated 06/04/2025). Thematic Internet Journal About round ligament of femur April 2025 WHY ACETABULAR LABRUM REPAIR MAY BE INEFFECTIVE?: A NOTE ON THE MYSTERIOUS "DARK MATTER" OF THE HIP JOINT S.V. Arkhipov, Independent Researcher, Joensuu, Finland Abstract Acetabular labrum repair and reconstruction do not prevent hip joint instability during gait and the development of osteoarthritis in the case of an elongated ligamentum capitis femoris. This conclusion is based on mathematical calculations and analysis of experiments conducted on a mechanical hip joint model. Keywords : arthroscopy, hip joint, acetabular labrum, ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur , reconstruction, repair Introduction Nearly 80% of primary hip ar...

2025ArkhipovSV. Human Children

The monograph Arkhipov S.V. Human Children: The Origins of Biblical Legends from a Physician's Perspective. An essay with references to interactive materials. 2nd revised and expanded edition. Joensuu: Author's Edition, 2025. [In Russian]. The monograph dates the writing of the Book of Genesis and the events depicted in it, as well as refutes the authorship of Moses. I offer mutually beneficial cooperation (50/50) in literary translation into English or native language. Proofreading of machine translation and cooperation in editing are expected. Requirements for co-author: 1. Native speaker 2. Experience as a writer. E-mail: archipovsv(&)gmail.com Annotation The first version of the Book of Genesis appeared in Ancient Egypt approximately 3,600 years ago, during the Hyksos period. The work was conceived as a fairy tale epic. An unknown physician-encyclopedist, who is also presumed to have authored the Edwin Smith Papyrus, played a role in its composition...

Grok. Review of the Article by S.V. Arkhipov "Why Restoration of the Acetabular Labrum May Be Ineffective?".

At our request, Grok, artificial intelligence developed by xAI, wrote a review of the article by Arkhipov SV. Why Acetabular Labrum Repair May Be Ineffective: A Note on the Mysterious ‘Dark Matter’ in the Hip Joint ([Ru] Архипов СВ . Почему восстановление вертлужной губы может быть неэффективно?: Заметка о таинственной «темной материи» в тазобедренном суставе. 06.04.2025 ). In accordance with the comments, the article was revised and sent for re-review to the ChatGPT language model prepared to assist in the analysis and editing of texts (OpenAI, 2025). Below is the original text of the review by Grok: Review of the Article by S.V. Arkhipov "Why Restoration of the Acetabular Labrum May Be Ineffective?: A Note on the Mysterious 'Dark Matter' of the Hip Joint". This review focuses on the analysis of argumentation, as requested. The author asserts that restoration of the acetabular labrum fails to prevent hip joint instability and osteoarthritis when the ligame...

1910FickR

In the second volume of the «Handbuch der anatomie des menschen», devoted to general joint mechanics and muscles (Zweiter Teil: Allgemeine Gelenk- und Muskelmechanik, 1910), the author discusses the function of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). This book is not yet available to us. Therefore, we publish only quotes from the first volume. The translation was done in collaboration with ChatGPT 3.5. Fick R. Handbuch der Anatomie und Mechanik der Gelenke: Erster Teil: Anatomie der Gelenke. Jena: G. Fischer, 1904. [fragments] Quote p. 330 2 – 3 cm langer, platter, schmächtiger Strang, der am unteren medialen Teil der Kapselwand zwischen Pubo- und Ischiofemoralband entspringt und in das Binnenband übergeht. Auch wenn diese Nebenwurzel nicht als ein deutlich isolierbarer Strang ausgebildet ist. bezieht das Binnenband doch stets wenigstens einige Fasern unter dem Querband hindurch von der Kapseloberfläche (so daß ...

BLOG CONTENT

T he ligament of the head of femur or ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) is the key to a graceful gait and understanding the causes of hip joint diseases. We present promising scientific knowledge necessary for preserving health, to create new implants and techniques of treating degenerative pathology and damage of the hip joint. Project objective : preserving a normal gait and quality of life, helping to study of hip joint biomechanics, developing effective treatments for its diseases and injuries. In translating to English, the author is assisted by ChatGPT (version 3.5) and the Google Translate service . We're sorry for any flaws in the syntax. The meaning makes up for the imperfections! TABLES OF CONTENTS ANCIENT MENTIONS (Early literary evidence and early authors... ) 976-1115Theophilus Protospatharius The author writes about the normal anatomy of the LCF and its connective function. 10...

1922LeeserI

A fragment of the Book of Genesis tells about the journey of the family of Patriarch Jacob from Charan to Canaan (Gen. 31:1 – 33:20). The translation into English from of the Masoretic Hebrew text of the Torah was done by Isaac Leeser ( 1922 LeeserI ). «Most scholars agree that the texts now found in Genesis began to be written down sometime after the establishment of the monarchy in Israel in the tenth century BCE» (1992SuggsMJ_MuellerJR). A selected passage from an ancient work mentions for the first time in history the injury of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) of a person is mentioned (Gen. 32:26,33). In the original Hebrew source this anatomical element is referred to as «גיד» (gheed, gid) ( Bereshit 32:33 ; 1923, 2004PreussJ; 2019ArkhipovSV_SkvortsovDV ; 2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV ). This term was recorded in writing long before Hippocrates of Kos (V-IV cent. BCE) who used the concept «νεῦρον» to designate LCF (1844LittréÉ). It is not known...

Pathological Changes of LCF

Version : 20240419 RESULT OF PATHOLOGICAL CHANGE OF LCF 1. Absence of detectable changes 2. Elongation 3. Shortening 4. Thinning (hypotrophy) 5. Thickening (hypertrophy) 6. Disappearance 7. Impingement (within the joint space) 8. Compression (in the fossa of the acetabulum) 9. Marginal defect 10. Distally detached fragment 11. Proximally detached fragment 12. Two-fragments injury (in the midsection) 13. Avulsion-fracture of the distal end 14. Avulsion-fracture of the proximal end 15. Subsynovial avulsion of the distal end 16. Subsynovial avulsion of the proximal end 17. Synovial sheath 18. Partial distal end detachment 19. Partial proximal end detachment 20. Partial subsynovial injury 21. Complete subsynovial injury 22. Combination of pathological changes PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF LCF 1. Edema 2. Dystrophic change in the stroma 3. Total dystrophic change 4. Metaplasia 5. Sclerosis 6. Hyalinosis 7. Fibrosis ...

Load on LCF

Version : 20240419 Magnitude of LCF Load 1. Optimally loaded 2. Partially loaded 3. Unloaded 4. Excessively loaded (overloaded) Reasons for Increased Load on LCF 1. Increase in effective body weight 2. Decrease in the lever arm of the abductor muscle group 3. Decrease in the strength of the abductor muscle group 4. Increase in the lever arm of body weight 5. The presence of a dynamic component (walking, running, jumping) Reasons for Decreased Load on LCF 1. Decrease in body weight 2. Increase in the lever arm of the abductor muscle group 3. Increase in the strength of the abductor muscle group 4. Decrease in the lever arm of body weight 5. Absence of dynamic component (walking, running, jumping) Keywords: ligamentum capitis femoris, ligament of head of femur , round ligament, ligamentum teres, classification, functions, dysfunction, l oad ...

Set of Classifications

General Classification of LCF Pathology Version : 20240420 Annotation Analysis of literature data and our own morphological observations allowed us to propose a General Classification of LCF Pathology. Introduction In Russia, the initial attempts to classify pathology of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) were made by morphologists. L.I. Gaevskaya distinguished three types of LCF: 1) long and thick (length 41–51 mm, thickness 5 mm), 2) short and thin (length 10–20 mm, thickness 1 mm), 3) long and of small thickness (length 43–45 mm, with a thickness of 3 mm, and length 28–30 mm with a thickness of 4–5 mm) (1954 ГаевскаяЛИ ). V.V. Kovanov, A.A. Travin identified three varieties of histological structure of LCF: 1) with a predominance of loose connective tissue; 2) with a predominance of dense connective tissue; 3) with a uniform distribution of loose and dense connective tissue ( 1963 КовановВВ _ ТравинАА ). The development of arthroscopic surgery has made it possible to i...

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