Catalog. LCF Pathology Tests

Introduction

A decade ago, researchers noted that there was no specific test for detecting ruptures of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF), and the known signs were nonspecific and observed in other intra-articular pathologies of the hip joint (2010CerezalL_Pérez-CarroL). After a decade of research and observations, the applicability of a specific clinical symptom for determining the condition of LCF remains unknown (2020ReimanMP_DijkstraHP). Until now, the accuracy of testing for LCF pathology during physical examination necessitates resorting to other, primarily instrumental diagnostic methods.

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, hip joint, tests, pathology, trauma

References

Cerezal L, Kassarjian A, Canga A, Dobado MC, Montero JA, Llopis E, Pérez-Carro L. Anatomy, biomechanics, imaging, and management of ligamentum teres injuries. Radiographics. 2010;30(6)1637-51. [pubs.rsna.org]

Reiman MP, Kemp JL, Heerey JJ, Weir A, Van Klij P, Kassarjian A ... Dijkstra HP. Consensus recommendations on the classification, definition and diagnostic criteria of hip-related pain in young and middle-aged active adults from the International Hip-related pain research network, Zurich 2018. British journal of sports medicine. 2020;54(11)631-41. [bjsm.bmj.com(Abstr) , bjsm.bmj.com(PDF) , bjsm.bmj.com(PDF,Supp)]

Catalog. LCF Pathology Tests

Amenabar T, O'Donnell J. Successful treatment of isolated, partial thickness ligamentum teres (LT) tears with debridement and capsulorrhaphy. Hip International 2013;23(6)576-82. [journals.sagepub.com , researchgate.net(PDF)]

Byrd JWT, Jones KS. Traumatic rupture of the ligamentum teres as a source of hip pain. Arthroscopy 2004;20(4)385–91. [unfallchirurgie.ch(PDF)]

Domb BG, Stake CE, Lindner D, El-Bitar Y, Jackson TJ: Arthroscopic capsular plication and labral preservation in borderline hip dysplasia: Two-year clinical outcomes of a surgical approach to a challenging problem. Am J Sports Med 2013;41(11)2591-8. [journals.sagepub.com]

Gray AJ, Villar RN. The ligamentum teres of the hip: an arthroscopic classification of its pathology. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 1997;13(5)575-8. [sciencedirect.com]

Lampert C. Laesionen des lig. Capitis femoris. Arthroskopie 2009;4(22)293–8. [infona.pl]

Magee D. Orthopedic Physical Assessment 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2014. [books.google]

Martin RL, Martin HD. Function and clinical relevance of the ligamentum teres: a current concept. Current Orthopaedic Practice 2015;26(4)425-8. [ingentaconnect.com]

Martin RL, McDonough C, Enseki K, Kohreiser D, Kivlan BR. Clinical relevance of the ligamentum teres: a literature review. International journal of sports physical therapy 2019;14(3)459-67. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Martin RL, Palmer I, Martin HD. Ligamentum teres: a functional description and potential clinical relevance. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20:1209-14. [link.springer.com]

O’Donnell J, Economopoulos K, Singh P, Bates D, Pritchard M. The ligamentum teres test: a novel and effective test in diagnosing tears of the ligamentum teres. Am J Sports Med 2014;42(1)138-43. [journals.sagepub.com]

O’Donnell JM, Devitt BM, Arora M. The role of the ligamentum teres in the adult hip: redundant or relevant? A review. Journal of hip preservation surgery 2018;5(1)15-22. [academic.oup.com]

O’Donnell JM, Pritchard M, Porthos Salas A, Singh PJ. The ligamentum teres—its increasing importance. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2014;1(1)3-11. [academic.oup.com , academic.oup.com(PDF)]

Philippon MJ, Pennock A, Gaskill TR. Arthroscopic reconstruction of the ligamentum teres: technique and early outcomes. The Journal of bone and joint surgery, British volume 2012;94(11)1494-8. [online.boneandjoint.org.uk]

Rao J, Zhou YX, Villar RN. Injury to the ligamentum teres: mechanism, findings, and results of treatment. Clin Sports Med 2001;20(4)791–9. [sportsmed.theclinics.com]

Rosinsky PJ, Shapira J, Lall AC, Domb BG. All About the Ligamentum Teres: From Biomechanical Role to Surgical Reconstruction. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020;28(8)e328-39. [journals.lww.com]

Архипов С.В. Связка головки бедренной кости: функция и роль в патогенезе коксартроза; 2-ое изд., испр. и доп. Йоэнсуу: Издание Автора, 2023. (Arkhipov S.V. Ligament of head of femur: function and role in the pathogenesis of coxarthrosis. – 2nd rev. ed. Joensuu: Author's Edition, 2023. [In Russian]). [books.google]

Архипов СВ. Роль связки головки бедренной кости в патогенезе коксартроза: автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук. Москва, 2012. [researchgate.net , medical-diss.com]

In translating to English, the author is assisted by ChatGPT (version 3.5) and the Google Translate service.

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LCF in 2026 (September)

LCF in 2026 (September ) (Quotes from articles and books published in September 2026 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris) Goetz, J. E., Hockman, J., & Willey, M. C. (2026). Rabbit models of hip dysplasia: a narrative review. Laboratory animal research , 42 (1), 32. [i] link.springer.com Kahana-Rojkind, A. H., Strok, M. J., Walsh, E. G., Quesada-Jimenez, R., Kuhns, B. D., & Domb, B. G. (2026). Factors Associated With Return to Sport at Minimum 10-Year Follow-up in Athletes With Borderline Hip Dysplasia Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy With Capsular Plication. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine , 14 (9), 23259671261451218. [ii] journals.sagepub.com Stanard, I., Almhanna, H., Al-Mahmodi, A. M. M., Kilroy, D., & Kumar, A. H. (2026). Comparative Analysis of Vascular Density in the Femoral Head Ligament of the Dog, Sheep, and Goat. [iii] oajr.org , researchgate.net Hirt, J., Roshardt, ...

LCF in 2026 (August)

LCF in 2026 (August ) (Quotes from articles and books published in August 2026 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris) Maldonado, D. R., Schab, A. R., & Domb, B. G. (2026). Improvement in Patient‐Reported Outcomes, High Rate of Return to Sport, and Secondary Surgery Rate Ranging From 0% to 9.8% After Hip Arthroscopy in Dancers and Athletes in Flexibility Sports: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation , e70020. [i] arthroscopyjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com Klingele, K., & Strub, D. (2026). Author Response: Considerations and Challenges in Open Reduction With Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction for Pediatric Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics . [ii] ovid.com Quesada‐Jimenez, R., Rana, K., Strok, M. J., Kahana‐Rojkind, A. H., Burt, A. K., Sugarman, E. P., & Domb, B. G. (2026). Dual Labral and Ligamentum Ter...

Homo ergaster

HOMO ERGASTER The Homo ergaster species lived in Africa 1.8 million years ago and was alive until 600,000 years ago, likely becoming the ancestor of Homo erectus in Asia, Homo neanderthalensis in Europe, and Homo sapiens in Africa (1995CachelS_HarrisJ; 2005KleinR). Homo ergaster is occasionally equated with Homo erectus in publications (2013TattersallI). The most complete Homo ergaster skeleton belongs to an adolescent named "Turkana Boy" (KNM-WT 15000). The young man was between 8 and 12 years old (2010GravesRR_CunninghamDL; 2019BergmanJ). The age of this individual's remains is believed to be 1.6 million years (2007TattersallI). Turkana Boy (reconstruction) Author: Mettmann Neanderthal Museum; source: wikimedia.org collection (license CC BY-SA 4.0, no changes). The pelvis of specimen KNM-WT 15000 is well preserved. It shows ossified acetabulums. In turn, they have spacious acetabular fossae and wide acetabular notches. Based on these elements, it is possible to conc...

Human Children. Retelling of Chapter 13

Short retelling of chapter 13 of the essay: Arkhipov S.V. Human Children: The Origins of Biblical Legends from a Physician's Perspective. Joensuu: Author's Edition, 2025. [In Russian] Chapter 13. PROPHETIC DREAMS After his wanderings and battles, Abraham settles in “Mamre’s oaks in Hebron.” Following these events, he experiences a divine “word in a vision” and a dream promising him lands “from Egypt’s river to the great river, Euphrates.” His family relocates to a desert along the Shur road, near the well “Beer-Lahai-Roi,” between Kadesh and Bered. In another divine appearance, Abraham is commanded to circumcise all males’ foreskins, rename Sarai as Sarah, and is told he’ll father a child at 100, despite Sarah’s barrenness at 89. That day, Abraham circumcises his son Ishmael, household males, and, at 99, himself. In Mamre’s oaks, during “daytime heat,” a mirage foretells fatherhood. The dream shifts, showing Sodom and Gomorrah’s destruction and Lot’s miraculous rescue. ...

1785SandifortE

Fragments from the book Sandifort E. Descriptio ossium hominis. (1785). The author briefly writes about the attachment of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). Quote p. 104 [Lat] Os ischium… … Qua spectat pelvim (a) os ischion æquabile est, modice cavatum, ab exteriore profunde sinuatum (b). Sinus hic, quem acetabulum vocant, maximus, sere rotundus, est, dividique potest in partes duas, alteram semilunarem quodammodo, cartilagine tectam (c), hinc æquabilem, alteram altius excavatam, asperam (d), glandulæ muciparæ sedem præbentem, & educentem ligamentum teres, quod capiti ossis femoris infigitur (e). … Quote p. 108-109 [Lat] Femoris os … … Caput magnum, globosum, cartilagine lævi incrustatum, oblique positum (b), id est, sursum introrsumque tendens, magnitudine & figura cum acetabulo (i) congruens, intra illud admittitur, illique alligatur per ligamentum teres, quod firmiter adhæret ab altera parte acetabulo, ab altera sinui profundo, inæquabili, qui in dicto capite est (k...

Morphology and Histology of LCF

Version : 20240418 MORPHOLOGY OF LCF 1. Individual fibers of stroma 2. Portions of stroma 3. Bundles of stroma portions 4. Entire stroma 5. Leg (attaching part of the ligament) 6. Synovial membrane 7. Synovial fold 8. Arterial vessels 9. Venous vessels 10. Capillary bed 11. Lymphatic vessels 12. Nerves 13. Receptors 14. Adipose tissue 15. Loose connective tissue 16. Bone tissue (in the area of attachment) 17. Fibrous tissue (in the area of attachment) 18. Cartilage tissue (in the area of attachment) HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LCF ATTACHMENT SITES Bone tissue 1. Femur 2. Pelvic bone Cartilage tissue 1. Femoral head (children, edges of the fovea capitis femoris in adults) 2. Acetabular cavity (children) Fibrous tissue 1. Transverse acetabular ligament 2. Obturator membrane 3. Periosteum of the pelvic bones 4. Joint capsule Keywords: ligamentum capitis femoris, ligament of head o...

18c.JoubertJ

Joubert J, painting – Jacob's struggle with God in the form of an angel (17-18th cent.). Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Jean Joubert – Jacob's struggle with God in the form of an angel (17-18th ce...

Perthes disease. Pathogenesis

An original view on the pathogenesis of Perthes' disease (femoral head osteochondropathy, Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease). By the onset of Perthes disease, the hip joint is generally formed, and the femoral head and acetabulum represent bone structures. From our perspective, the initiating factor is trauma, specifically, damage to the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). This can be its rupture (most commonly), detachment from its attachment point, or irreversible plastic elongation. In other words, the amount of mechanical energy acting on the LCF, at a certain moment, exceeds the amount that it can absorb. Another option is possible when individual LCF fibers are damaged. Bioeffective stresses arise and increase in it, inducing biological processes that transform the LCF ( for more details, see the Law of Bioinduction ) . As a result, it is either permanently damaged or significantly lengthened. Due to damage or uncompensated lengthening of the LCF, the statics and dynamics of...

18c.FontebassoF

Fontebasso F, painting, Jacob wrestling with the angel (18th cent.). Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Francesco Fontebasso – Jacob Wrestling with the Angel (18th cent.); original in the matthiesenga...

Homo neanderthalensis

HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS Homo neanderthalensis flourished 500-30 thousand years ago in Europe and Asia. It is assumed that its ancestor could have been Homo ergaster or Homo heidelbergensis (2005KleinR). Homo sapiens neanderthalensis «Mr. N» Neanderthal Museum in Mettmann, fragment of the original photograph; source in the wikimedia.org collection (license CC BY-SA 4.0, no changes). Neanderthal, late type, the old man from La Chapelle-aux-Saints, reconstruction by M.M. Gerasimov; exposition of the Orlov Paleontological Museum (Moscow); photo by the author. A reconstruction of the pelvis of the Neanderthal "Kebara 2" (Israel), whose remains are dated to 64-59 Kya (2021AdegboyegaMT_WeaverTD), is known. The well-preserved right pelvic bone (Fig. 1) has a large acetabulum with fossa and acetabular notch, indicating the presence of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). Neanderthal pelvis, right acetabulum view from the lateral side (3-D model); original image on sketchfab....

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