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1856HenleJ

 

The author examines in detail the structure, shape and blood supply of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). Jakob Henle notes that the LCF serves as a conduit for vessels and participates in the synthesis of synovial fluid. Its strength varies, but usually it is robust. However, according to the author, the mechanical role of the LCF lies in tensioning the capsule of the hip joint.

The translation was done in collaboration with ChatGPT 3.5. 

Henle J. Handbuch der systematischen Anatomie des Menschen: in drei Bänden. Erster band, zweite abthelung. Handbuch der Bänderlehre des Menschen. Braunschweig: F. Vieweg und sohn, 1856. [fragments]

Quote p. 122

 


Fig. 105. Frontalschnitt des Hüftgelenks, parallel den Fasern des Lig. teres (tf). o Lig. obturatorium. Rf laterale Ursprungssehne des M. rectus femoris. zo Zona orbicularis der Kapsel (s unten). 3 Fettpolster der Fossa acetabuli.

Fig. 105. Frontal section of the hip joint, parallel to the fibers of Lig. teres (tf). o Lig. obturatorium. Rf lateral tendon of the m. rectus femoris. zo Zona orbicularis of the capsule (see below). 3 Fat pads of the acetabular fossa.

Quote p. 123

 


Fig. 106. Horizontalschnitt der Pfanne, untere Halfte. Das Lig. teres (tf) an der Insertion in die Fossa capitis (Fc) getrennt, der Schenkelkopf abwärts zurückgeschlagen. 1 hinteres Ende des überknorpelten Theils der Pfanne. 2 vorderes Ende. 3 Fettpolster der Fossa acetabuli.

Fig. 106. Horizontal section of the acetabulum, lower half. Lig. teres (tf)  is separated from the place of attachment to the fossa capitis (Fc), the femoral head is displaced downward. 1 posterior end of the cartilaginous part of the acetabulum. 2 anterior end. 3 fat pads of the acetabular fossa.

Quote pp. 123-124

Der Schenkelkopf hat hyalinischen Knorpel, welcher, wie auf allen Gelenkköpfen, am mächtigsten in der Mitte ist (bis 4mm) und gegen den Rand sich zuschärft. Im Umkreise der Fossa capitis aber, bis auf etwa 3mm Entfernung von derselben, besitzt der Knorpel einen Ueberzug von Bindegewebe, welches mit dem die Fossa capitis ausfüllenden Bindegewebe und dadurch mit den Bindegewebsbündeln des Lig. teres in Zusammenhang steht.

The head of the femur has hyaline cartilage, which, like all articular heads, is thickest in the middle (up to 4 mm) and thins towards the edge. However, in the area of the fossa capitis, approximately 3 mm away from it, the cartilage has a connective tissue covering, which is connected to the connective tissue filling the fossa capitis, thus being associated with the connective bundles of the Lig. teres.

Quote pp. 124-125

Lig. teres.

Das Lig. teres (tf)1) trägt beide Namen mit Unrecht. Es ist weder cylindrisch, noch ein Band im gewöhnlichen Sinne des Wortes, sondern eher den an beiden Enden angewachsenen Synovialfortsätzen vergleichbar. Ob die Gefässe, die es führt, mit den Gefässen des Schenkelkopfes communiciren, oder nicht 2), immer ist es wesentlich Träger von Gefässen und wie die Synovialzotten an der Absonderung der Gelenkflüssigkeit betheiligt. Was seine Gestalt betrifft, so ist es platt oder dreiseitig prismatisch mit einer sehr stumpfen Kante und liegt mit seinen Flächen der Articulationsebene parallel, zwischen dem Fett der Fossa acetabuli und dem Schenkelkopf (Fig. 105). In seiner einfachsten Form hat es spitzwinklich dreiseitige Flächen; es tritt breit an der Lücke zwischen der Incisura acetabuli und dem Lig. transv. ins Gelenk und inserirt sich mit dem abgestutzten spitzen Winkel an die Fossa capitis. Es füllt demnach die Fossa acetabuli nicht aus, sondern lässt, je näher seiner Insertion am Schenkelkopf, um so mehr Raum zu beiden Seiten frei (Fig. 106), in welchem es bei den Rotationen des Schenkels sich vor- und rückwärts bewegt. Die Lücke, welche zu den Seiten des Lig. teres zwischen dem Schenkelkopf und dem Fett der Fossa acetabuli übrig bleibt, wird ohne Zweifel von Synovia erfüllt. Die ebenbeschriebene einfachste Gestalt des Lig. teres wird indess vielfältig durch Synovialfortsätze alterirt, welche bald scheidenartig die Basis oder Spitze umgeben, bald in Form von Wülsten, Kämmen oder Zotten von den Flächen oder Rändern ausgehen. Eine dünne, dehnbare Falte heftet die untere Fläche des Bandes eine kürzere oder längere Strecke weit an das Fettpolster der Fossa acetabuli.

1) Lig. rotundum Meckel. L. interarticulare Cruv.

2) Nach Hyrtl (Top. Anat. Bd. II, S. 331) wenden die Arterien des Lig. teres an der Einpflanzungsstelle desselben am Schenkelkopf schlingenförmig in Venen um.

Das Gewebe des Lig. teres ist aussen fest, im Inneren locker, so dass das Band im Querschnitt den Eindruck eines Hohlcylinders machen oder, wenn die lockere Partie sich dem einen oder anderen Rande nähert, sich wie eine gefaltete Membran ausnehmen kann. Die äusserste Schichte ist, wie bei den Synovialzotten, ein epitheliumartiges Lager von Kernen in heller Substanz, die oberflächlichen plattrund, die tieferen stäbchenförmig und zwar in der Richtung des Querschnittes des Bandes verlängert, die oberflächlichsten gewöhnlich in rhombischen Plättchen eingeschlossen. Unter den Kernen folgt Bindegewebe, aussen in verhältnissmässig dünner Lage quer oder ringförmig und weiter nach innen in mächtigerer Lage longitudinal angeordnet. Die Axe nehmen feine, netzförmig verbundene Bindegewebsbündel ein mit weiten, hier und da Fett enthaltenden Maschen. Die Blutgefässe liegen in dem festen Bindegewebe, die Stämmchen in der Tiefe zwischen den longitudinalen Bündeln, die Aestchen meist quer näher der Oberfläche. Die queren Bündel des Lig. teres grenzen nach aussen an die Fasern des Lig. transversum; von den longitudinalen Bündeln entspringt die Hauptmasse am hinteren Rande der Incisura acetabuli theils von der Aussenfläche der Pfanne, theils aus der Kapsel und gelangt unter dem Lig. transversum in die Gelenkhöhle; andere treten vom Lig. transversum und von der vorderen Ecke der Incisura acetabuli hinzu.

Die Stärke des Lig. teres ist variabel; es kann durch eine Synovialfalte vertreten sein, die beim leichtesten Zug zerreisst (Cruveil hier). Fälle von angeborenem Mangel desselben hat Palletta gesammelt (Meckel's Archiv, Bd. VI, S. 341).

Lig. teres.

The Lig. teres (tf) (1) bears both of these names inaccurately. It is neither cylindrical nor band-like in the usual sense of the word, but rather comparable to synovial processes attached at both ends. Regardless of whether its vessels communicate with those of the femoral head (2) or not, it is essentially a carrier of vessels and, like synovial villi, participates in synovial fluid secretion. As for its shape, it is flat or triangular-prismatic with a very blunt edge and lies with its surfaces parallel to the plane of articulation, between the acetabular fat and the femoral head (Fig. 105). In its simplest form, it has three facets arranged at an acute angle; it enters broadly into the joint between the acetabular notch and transverse ligament, and attaches to the fossa capitis at an acute angle. Thus, it does not fill the acetabular fossa; on the contrary, the closer it attaches to the femoral head, the more space it leaves free on both sides (Fig. 106), where it moves forward and backward during femoral rotation. The space remaining on either side of the Lig. teres between the femoral head and the acetabular fat pad is undoubtedly filled with synovial fluid. However, the simplest form of the Lig. teres just described is often altered by synovial processes, which sometimes surround the base or tip like a sheath, sometimes extend from the surfaces or edges as nodules, ridges, or papillae on the surfaces or edges. A thin, stretchable fold attaches the lower surface of the ligament to a greater or lesser distance to the fat pad of the acetabular fossa.

Lig. rotundum Meckel. L. interarticulare Cruv.

According to Hyrtl (Top. Anat. Vol. II, p. 331), the arteries of the Lig. teres at their attachment site to the femoral head coil around veins.

The tissue of the Lig. teres is firm on the outside and looser inside, so that on cross-section, the ligament may give the impression of a hollow cylinder or, if the loose part approaches one edge or the other, may appear as a folded membrane. The outermost layer, akin to synovial villi, consists of an epithelial layer of nuclei in light substance, the superficial ones flat, and the deeper ones rod-shaped and continuing in the direction of the ligament's cross-section, with the superficial ones usually enclosed in rhombic plates. Beneath the nuclei lies connective tissue, externally arranged transversely or ring-like in a relatively thin layer, and internally in a thicker layer longitudinally. Thin, networked connective fibers with wide, occasionally fat-containing meshes occupy the axis. Blood vessels are situated in dense connective tissue, with trunks deep between longitudinal bundles, branches usually transversely closer to the surface. The transverse bundles of the Lig. teres border on the fibers of the Lig. transversum externally; the main mass of longitudinal bundles partly originates from the posterior edge of the acetabular notch, partly from the outer surface of the acetabulum, partly from the capsule and penetrates under the Lig. transversum into the joint cavity; others join the Lig. transversum and the anterior corner of the acetabular notch.

The strength of the Lig. teres varies; it can be represented by a synovial fold that tears with minimal tension (here Cruveil). Cases of congenital absence of the Lig. teres are collected by Palletta (Meckel's Archiv, Vol. VI, p. 341). 

Quote pp. 131-132

Die Hülfe, die der Luftdruck leistet, um den gegenseitigen Contact der Gelenkflächen zu erhalten, macht sich also nur bei gebogener Haltung des Schenkels kenntlich. Uebrigens ist auch die Verlängerung, welche die Kapsel des gebeugten Gliedes, wenn der Schenkelkopf in der Pfanne herabgleitet, theils durch Ausgleichung ihrer Falten, theils durch wirkliche Dehnung erfährt, nur eine sehr geringe. Sie beträgt nicht leicht mehr als 5mm und da sie nicht einmal gerade nach unten, sondern ab- und seitwärts erfolgt, so ist kaum anzunehmen, dass sie am lebenden Menschen eine merkliche und messbare Verlängerung der Extremität zur Folge habe. Verlängerung des gestreckten Schenkels durch Erguss zwischen Pfanne und Kopf ist bei unversehrten Bändern und unvermindertem Volumen des Kopfes eine Unmöglichkeit. Vielmehr liefert die Fähigkeit, den Schenkel zu strecken, im besonderen Falle den Beweis, dass Kopf und Pfanne in Contact gebracht werden können. In keiner Stellung gestattet die Kapsel dem Schenkelkopfe, sich so weit nach unten zu entfernen, dass dadurch das Lig. teres gespannt oder auch nur ganz aus seiner Grube hervorgezogen würde.

Die abwärts geneigte Lage der Pfannenmündung, wie sie aus dem Frontalschnitt (Fig. 105) erhellt, bewirkt, dass in aufrechter Stellung der grössere Theil der Pfannenoberfläche auf dem Schenkelbein ruht und von demselben getragen wird.

Die Excursion der Bewegungen im Hüftgelenk haben die Brüder Weber durch Messungen bestimmt. Der Umfang der Beugung und Streckung betrug an der Leiche 139", am Lebenden im Mittel nur 86'; der Umfang der Adduction oder Abduction betrug 90o, der Rotation 51°. Die beiden letzteren Arten der Bewegung wurden in halbgebogener Lage des Schenkels gemessen; ihr Umfang wird um so geringer, je mehr das Glied im Hüftgelenk gestreckt wird, und in völliger Streckung, wenn das auf den Schenkeln ruhende Becken durch die an der Hinterscite desselben gelegenen Muskeln rückwärts gezogen wird, schliesst die Spannung des Lig. ilio-femorale jede andere Bewegung aus.

Dass das Lig. teres in die Bewegungen des Hüftgelenks irgendwie hemmend eingreife, muss ich bestreiten. Es wäre wunderbar, wenn die Natur ein so gefassreiches Gebilde zu einem Dienst bestimmt haben sollte, in welchem es nothwendig Dehnung und Zerrung erfahren muss, während doch sonst überall Vorsorge getroffen ist, dass die Blutgefässe von der Compression wie von der Spannung einzelner Körpertheile unberührt bleiben. Nun ist zwar das Lig. teres in der Regel stark genug, um, wenn alle übrigen Bänder getrennt sind, den Schenkelkopf und die Pfanne in Verbindung zu erhalten und um sich, bei gestreckter Lage des Schenkels im Hüftgelenk, der Adduction des Schenkels zu widersetzen. Aber so lange die Kapsel unverletzt ist, wird es nicht in dieser Weise benutzt, und es gehört gerade zu den Aufgaben des Lig. ilio-femorale, die Annäherung des gestreckten Schenkels an das Becken oder des Beckens an den gestreckten Schenkel zu hemmen, bevor das Lig. teres in Anspruch genommen wird. Wenn man Becken und Schenkelbein in ihrer natürlichen Verbindung durch einen frontalen Schnitt in eine vordere und hintere Hälfte theilt, so dass die hintere Hälfte das ganze Lig. teres enthält, so lässt sich in dem vorderen Segment das Schenkelbein nicht weiter oder kaum so weit adduciren, als im hinteren. Legt man den Kopf des Schenkelbeins und die Schenkelbeininsertion des Lig. teres an einem sonst unversehrten Hüftgelenk von der Beckenhöhle aus bloss, so kann man sich überzeugen, dass keine einzige Bewegung des Schenkels zu einer eigentlichen Anspannung des Lig. teres führt, und die Bewegung, bei der es am meisten gestreckt wird, wenn man nämlich durch Adduction des Schenkels die Fossa capitis nach oben führt, kann nach Durchschneidung des Lig. teres nicht weiter geführt werden als vorher. Es ist darnach kaum noch nöthig, auf die Fälle hinzuweisen, wo bei angeborenem Mangel des Lig. teres die normale Beweglichkeit des Hüftgelenks bestand oder wo sich dieselbe in normaler Weise wiederherstellte nach Einrichtung von Luxationen, die nicht ohne Zerreissung des Lig. teres geschehen konnten.

Der genaue Schluss des Randes der Kapsel um den Schenkelkopf und die Mächtigkeit der Kapsel machen bei dem Hüftgelenk die Vorrichtungen überflüssig, die an anderen Gelenken getroffen sind, um die Kapsel vor Einklemmuug zu schützen. Bei den Bewegungen des Hüftgelenks wird die Kapsel an der Seite, an welcher sie erschlafft, nur wellenförmig gefaltet oder leicht gekräuselt. Doch ist mit der hinteren Kapselwand der M. gluteus minimus straff genug verbunden, um sie bei seinen Bewegungen nach sich zu ziehen. Und wenn das Lig. teres einen mechanischen Effect hat, so ist es der, dass es bei den Bewegungen, bei welchen es gestreckt wird, vermittelst der Fasern, die es aus der Kapsel bezieht, die letztere enger an den Schenkelhals heranzieht.

The assistance provided by air pressure in maintaining the mutual contact of joint surfaces is noticeable only when the hip is bent. Moreover, the extension experienced by the capsule of the bent limb as the femoral head slides in the acetabulum, partly due to the alignment of its folds and partly due to actual stretching, is also very slight. Typically, it does not exceed 5 mm, and since it is directed not straight downward, but sideways and downwards, it is unlikely to cause noticeable and measurable elongation of the limb in a living person. Elongation of the straightened leg due to effusion between the acetabulum and the head is impossible if the ligaments are intact and the volume of the head has not decreased. Rather, the ability to extend the thigh in specific cases indicates that the head and acetabulum can come into contact. In no position does the capsule allow the femoral head to move downward enough to stretch the Lig. teres or even completely tear it from its socket.

The downward inclination of the acetabular opening, as shown in the frontal section (Fig. 105), ensures that the majority of the acetabular surface rests on the femur in the vertical position and is supported by it.

The Weber brothers determined the range of motion in the hip joint through measurements. The range of flexion and extension on a cadaver was 139°, while in the average living person, it was only 86°; the range of adduction or abduction was 90°, and rotation was 51°. The latter two types of movements were measured in a semi-flexed position of the thigh; their range decreases as the limb becomes more extended at the hip joint, and in full extension, when the pelvis resting on the thighs is pulled backward by the muscles located on the posterior surface, the tension of the Lig. ilio-femorale precludes any other movements.

It is necessary to refute the assumption that the Lig. teres somehow restricts movements in the hip joint. It would be strange if nature had designated such a richly vascularized structure for a service in which it is inevitably subjected to stretching and tension, while everywhere else precautions are taken to ensure that vessels remain unaffected by compression or tension of individual body parts. Although the Lig. teres is usually strong enough to hold the femoral head and acetabulum in connection if all other ligaments are torn and to resist thigh adduction in a straightened position, until the capsule is damaged, it is not used in this way, and it is precisely the task of the Lig. ilio-femorale to prevent the approach of the straightened thigh to the pelvis or the pelvis to the straightened thigh before the Lig. teres is engaged. If the pelvis and femur are divided in their natural connection by a transverse section into anterior and posterior halves, so that the posterior half contains all of the Lig. teres, it can be seen that the femur in the anterior segment cannot be brought further or almost as far as in the posterior segment. If the femoral head and femoral attachment of the Lig. teres are freed from the pelvic cavity in an intact hip joint, it can be seen that no movement of the thigh leads to actual tension of the Lig. teres, and the movement in which it is most stretched, namely when the fossa of the head is raised upwards by thigh adduction, after cutting the Lig. teres, the thigh cannot be displaced further than before. Therefore, it is hardly necessary to point out cases where normal mobility of the hip joint was maintained due to congenital insufficiency of the Lig. teres or when it was restored in a normal manner after dislocations that could not have occurred without tearing the Lig. teres.

The precise adherence of the capsule edge to the femoral head and the thickness of the capsule make unnecessary the devices in the hip joint that exist in other joints and protect the capsule from pinching. During movement of the hip joint, the capsule only folds in waves or slightly twists on the side where it relaxes. However, the m. gluteus minimus is closely connected to the posterior wall of the capsule to pull it along during movements. And if Lig. teres has a mechanical effect, this happens because during movements in which it stretches, with the help of fibers that it receives from the capsule, it pulls the latter closer to the femoral neck.

 


External links 

Henle J. Handbuch der systematischen Anatomie des Menschen: in drei Bänden. Erster band, zweite abthelung. Handbuch der Bänderlehre des Menschen. Braunschweig: F. Vieweg und sohn, 1856. [books.google , wellcomecollection.org] 

Authors & Affiliations 

Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle (1809–1885) was a German physician, pathologist, and anatomist. wikipedia.org 

Jakob Henle (before 1886)
 Unknown author; original in the 
wikimedia.org collection
 (CC0 – Public Domain, no changes)

Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, pathology, anatomy, microanatomy, shape, vascularization, role

                                                                     .

NB! Fair practice / use: copied for the purposes of criticism, review, comment, research and private study in accordance with Copyright Laws of the US: 17 U.S.C. §107; Copyright Law of the EU: Dir. 2001/29/EC, art.5/3a,d; Copyright Law of the RU: ГК РФ ст.1274/1.1-2,7

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  Fragments from the book Diemerbroeck I. Anatome corporis humani (1679). The author describes the pathology variants, function, topography and attachment of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). The damage to the LCF in hip dislocation, symptoms and treatment are discussed. The text is similar to a paraphrase of Hegetor's work «On Causes» and Galen of Pergamon's commentary on Hippocrates' treatise «On Joints» ( 1745CocchiA ;  2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV ). Isbrand van Diemerbroeck uses many synonyms for LCF: nervus cartilaginosus, terete, teres, rotundum ligamentum, interius ligamentum. Quote p. 593. [Lat] CAPUT XIX. De Ossibus Femoris, & Cruris. Superius procesum crassum, versus coxendicis os prominentem, eique epiphyin rotundam & amplam impositam habet, sicque globosum femoris caput, valida cervice subnixum, constituit, quod cartilagine obductum in coxendicis acetabulum reconditur, in eoque duobus validis ligamentis detinetur: uno lato, crasso, & membranoso,

2014ArkhipovaAS

  In 2014, at the International Olympics Space for school students, Alexandra Arkhipova presented a report on the feasibility of using joints with flexible elements in walking machines. The author was recognized as the overall winner (more details: cyclowiki.org ). The report suggested: «An important area of possible application of walking robots would be remote exploration of other planets». Ten years later, professionals from NASA began to put this idea into practice: Robot dog trains to walk on Moon in Oregon trials (more details: bbc.com ). Below we present the text of the first message about walking machines in space, the ball joint of which contains a flexible element - an analogue of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF).   Mobile biomorphic platforms with analogues of natural locomotion algorithms Arkhipova A.S. For ten years of its mission, American wheeled Mars rover vehicle 'Opportunity' covered just 40 kilometers through the Red Planet, and its twin Spirit go