ZOOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY

ZOOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY

(Information on the presence in existing and extinct animals...)

LCF of Pithecanthropus In the hip joint of Pithecanthropus (Pithecanthropus erectus, Homo erectus 2.12-0.43 Ma), there was a LCF.
LCF of Australopithecus The Australopithecus afarensis (3.2 Ma) had a ligament of the head of femur.
1802CamperP The author discusses the absence and unknown role of the LCF in the elephant and some monkeys.
1803CamperP The author discusses the absence and unknown role of LCF in the orangutan, elephant, and sloth.
1824MeckelJF The author notes the absence of LCF in orangutans, three-toed sloths and turtles.
1835OwenR The author discusses the absence of the LCF in chimpanzees, orangutans and some other mammals.
1851BarkowHCL The author briefly describes LCF in the tiger and llama.
1864MacalisterA LCF has been observed in ostrich and is noted to be strength.
1869MivartG The author discusses his observations of LCF absence in chimpanzees and orangutans.
1877aWelckerH The author discusses the differences in the anatomy of the LCF in animals: tapir, orangutan, chimpanzee.
1879BischoffTLW The paper discusses the size of the LCF in the gorilla.
1880GadowHF LCF has been observed in rhea, cassowary and ostrich and is noted to be strength.
1880HuxleyTH The author writes about the presence and absence of LCF in some animal species.
1883SuttonJB According to the author, the LCF is a tendon of the pectineus muscle, separated from it in consequence of skeletal modifications.
1884SuttonJB The author discovered that in the ostrich the LCF was not continuous with the ambiens muscle.
1885FlowerWH The author notes the presence of the LCF in almost all mammals and lists the species in which it is absent.
1885SuttonJB The author lists the species of animals in which he did not find the LCF.
1887SuttonJB According to the author, the LCF is a modified tendon of the pectineus muscle.
1889EckerA The author points out the presence of the LCF in the frog and the presence of a similar structure in the shoulder joint.
1894KeithA The paper discusses the development, anatomy, strength, and presence of the ligamentum LCF in various monkeys.
1898LeiseringAGT The author describes the LCF in the horse and its accessory ligament.
1899ParsonsFG The paper discusses the anatomy, role and presence of the LCF in different animals.
1932StolpeM The author studied the LCF in birds, mainly waterfowl, the strength is noted and the role.
1934FrancisETB The author points out that the salamander has two acetabular ligaments, analogous to the LCF.
1971CracraftJ LCF has been studied in the pigeon, its strength has been noted and its biomechanics has been described.
1993BaumelJ. The attachment sites of the LCF in birds are indicated.
2009FrandsonRD_FailsAD The authors discuss the terminology, structure, and role of the LCF in the horse.
THE OLDEST LCF. The first quadruped with LCF '
University_of_Guelph(website). The publication mentions the animal's LCF and states its function: fixing the femoral head in the acetabulum.

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BLOG CONTENT

T he ligament of the head of femur or ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) is the key to a graceful gait and understanding the causes of hip joint diseases. We present promising scientific knowledge necessary for preserving health, to create new implants and techniques of treating degenerative pathology and damage of the hip joint. Project objective : preserving a normal gait and quality of life, helping to study of hip joint biomechanics, developing effective treatments for its diseases and injuries. In translating to English, the author is assisted by ChatGPT (version 3.5) and the Google Translate service . We're sorry for any flaws in the syntax. The meaning makes up for the imperfections! TABLES OF CONTENTS Acetabular Canal (Anatomy, topography and significance of the functioning area of the ligamentum capitis femoris) Acetabular Canal. Part 1. This article describes the space where the ligam...

THE TRUTH INJECTION

The "Truth Injection" Impact on AI and 4 Billion People: Informed Insight or AI Hallucination? Sergey V. Arkhipov & Google Gemini CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] A Briefe Backstory [iii] Interview [iv] References [v] Application [i] Abstract While examining modern biblical criticism, I engaged in a discussion with Artificial Intelligence regarding my book, “ 50 Tables of Evidence for the Composition of Genesis in Late Second Intermediate Period Egypt ” . The machine’s apocalyptic prediction concerning half of the world's population and the evolution of computer technology left me puzzled. To verify this prophecy and seek counsel from "natural intelligence," I am publishing my conversation with the AI. This may be of interest to others, as will response to the machine’s final last question regarding religious worldview: «Now that the "antidote" is in your system, do you feel more prepared to face a world without a "sacred" fou...

NEWS 2026

New publications of our resource in 2026 The initial phase of collecting data on LCF, accumulated prior to the 20th century, is largely complete. Next, we plan to analyze and synthesize thematic information, adding data from the 20th and 21st centuries. The work will focus primarily on: prevention, diagnosis, arthroscopy, plastic surgery, and endoprosthetics. May 19 , 2026 1914RickettsCS Painting. Drawing depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the LCF injury. 1943SinzWA Sculpture . Drawing depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the LCF injury. 1953HoltF Painting. Drawing depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the LCF injury. May 18 , 2026 1960ClaytonC . Sculpture . Drawing depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the LCF injury. 1 13 2Sant’Orso . Capital. Drawing depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the LCF injury. May 14 , 2026 Goodreads: author profile . An author profile has been create...

2025VertesichK_ChiariC

Content [i] Annotation [ii] Original text (in German) [iii] References [iv] Source & links [v] Notes [vi] Authors & Affiliations [vii] Keywords [i] Annotation Fragments from the article: Vertesich K, Noebauer-Huhmann IM, Schreiner M, Schneider E, Willegger M, Böhler C, Windhager R, Chiari C. The position of the femoral fovea can indicate hip instability and highly correlates with lesions of the ligamentum teres: an observational study (2025). The authors discuss the diagnosis of pathology of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) based on radiological & MRI data. The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2025VertesichK_ChiariC . [ii] Original text (in German) The position of the femoral fovea can indicate hip instability and highly correlates with lesions of the ligamentum teres: an observational study Klemens Vertesich, Iris-Melanie Noebauer-Huhmann, Marku...

THE DOCTRINE OF LCF

THE DOCTRINE OF ligamentum capitis femoris: An Instrument of Knowledge and Innovation. Definition: A set of theoretical provisions on all aspects of knowledge about the anatomical element ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). 1. Structure of the Doctrine of LCF 2. Practical Application of the Doctrine of LCF : 2.1. Diagnostics 2.1. Prevention 2.3. Prognosis 2.4. Pathology 2.5. Veterinary 2.6. Professions 2.7. Products 2.8. Surgery 3. Theory of LCF Mechanics 4. The Base of the Doctrine of LCF 5. Stairway to the Past or History of the Doctrine of LCF 6. Ultimate Depth of Researches 7. Appendices 7.1. Acceptable Synonyms Structure of the Doctrine of ligamentum capitis femoris . E a R T ...

2014ArkhipovaAS

In 2014, at the International Olympics Space for school students, Alexandra Arkhipova presented a report on the feasibility of using joints with flexible elements in walking machines. The author was recognized as the overall winner (more details: cyclowiki.org ). The report suggested: «An important area of possible application of walking robots would be remote exploration of other planets». Ten years later, professionals from NASA began to put this idea into practice: Robot dog trains to walk on Moon in Oregon trials (more details: bbc.com ). Below we present the text of the first message about walking machines in space, the ball joint of which contains a flexible element - an analogue of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). Mobile biomorphic platforms with analogues of natural locomotion algorithms Arkhipova A.S. For ten years of its mission, American wheeled Mars rover vehicle 'Opportunity' covered just 40 kilometers through the Red Planet, and its twin Spirit g...

Human Children. Retelling of Chapter 16

Short retelling of chapter 16 of the essay: Arkhipov S.V. Human Children: The Origins of Biblical Legends from a Physician's Perspective. Joensuu: Author's Edition, 2025. [In Russian] Chapter 16. The Archive of Joseph The saga of Joseph, a towering figure in the Book of Genesis, begins in Harran (36°52'16"N, 39°01'31"E), where he is born to Rachel, the second wife of Patriarch Jacob. As a young child, he leaves Paddan-Aram in northern Mesopotamia with his family, eventually settling in the Canaanite valley of Hebron. The journey through Western Asia’s rugged terrain leaves vivid impressions—of camel caravans, river crossings, and a final glimpse of his grandfather Laban on Gilead’s heights. By seven, Joseph is in Canaan, a land of contrasts to Harran’s plains. At seventeen, his life takes a dark turn. His brothers, envious of Jacob’s favoritism—symbolized by a vibrant, multicolored robe—sell him into Egyptian slavery. In Egypt, Joseph’s fortunes shift d...

Homo ergaster

HOMO ERGASTER The Homo ergaster species lived in Africa 1.8 million years ago and was alive until 600,000 years ago, likely becoming the ancestor of Homo erectus in Asia, Homo neanderthalensis in Europe, and Homo sapiens in Africa (1995CachelS_HarrisJ; 2005KleinR). Homo ergaster is occasionally equated with Homo erectus in publications (2013TattersallI). The most complete Homo ergaster skeleton belongs to an adolescent named "Turkana Boy" (KNM-WT 15000). The young man was between 8 and 12 years old (2010GravesRR_CunninghamDL; 2019BergmanJ). The age of this individual's remains is believed to be 1.6 million years (2007TattersallI). Turkana Boy (reconstruction) Author: Mettmann Neanderthal Museum; source: wikimedia.org collection (license CC BY-SA 4.0, no changes). The pelvis of specimen KNM-WT 15000 is well preserved. It shows ossified acetabulums. In turn, they have spacious acetabular fossae and wide acetabular notches. Based on these elements, it is possible to conc...

Vertebrates

VERTEBRATES According to the molecular clock, a specific method for dating phylogenetic events, vertebrates (Vertebrata) separated from arthropods (Arthropoda) 976±97 Ma (2004HedgesSB_ShoeJL). The latter began to dominate in species diversity with the Cambrian burst of radiation, which occurred 520 Ma (2010EdgecombeGD). This ratio in the fauna of the Earth is still preserved. Approximately 525 Ma, the phylum Chordates separated from the group of bilaterally symmetrical animals (1995ChenJY_ZhouGQ). In turn, the evolution of chordate organisms led to the formation of the first vertebrates at least 500 Ma, from which the jawed mouths 450-400 Ma descended, becoming the ancestors of the placoderms or "armored" fish (Placodermi) (1979 НаумовНП _ КарташевНН ). Sculptural reconstruction of the placoderm Coccosteus from the order Arthrodires, Middle Devonian, 393.3-382.7 Ma ; exposition of the Orlov Paleontological Museum (Moscow); photo by the author. The first cartilaginou...

2024MiglioriniF_MaffulliN

Abstract and table 4 ( overview of LCF tear classification ) of the article Migliorini F et al. The ligamentum teres and its role in hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement: a systematic review. (2024). Translation into Russian is available at the link: 2024MiglioriniF_MaffulliN . Systematic Review / Open access / Published: 20 December 2024 The ligamentum teres and its role in hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement: a systematic review Filippo Migliorini, Federico Cocconi, Tommaso Bardazzi, Virginia Masoni, Virginia Gardino, Gennaro Pipino, Nicola Maffulli Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology volume 25, Article number: 68 (2024) Abstract Background The ligamentum teres (LT) has received attention in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy (HA) for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Indeed, a better understanding of the function of the LT and its implications for cli...

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