ZOOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY

 

ZOOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY 

(Information on the presence in existing and extinct animals...)

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• LCF of Pithecanthropus In the hip joint of Pithecanthropus (Pithecanthropus erectus, Homo erectus 2.12-0.43 Ma), there was a LCF.
• LCF of Australopithecus The Australopithecus afarensis (3.2 Ma) had a ligament of the head of femur. 
• 1802CamperP The author discusses the absence and unknown role of the LCF in the elephant and some monkeys.
  1803CamperP The author discusses the absence and unknown role of LCF in the orangutan, elephant, and sloth. 
  1824MeckelJF The author notes the absence of LCF in orangutans, three-toed sloths and turtles. 
• 1835OwenR The author discusses the absence of the LCF in chimpanzees, orangutans and some other mammals.
• 1851BarkowHCL The author briefly describes LCF in the tiger and llama. 
• 1864MacalisterA LCF has been observed in ostrich and is noted to be strength. 
• 1869MivartG The author discusses his observations of LCF absence in chimpanzees and orangutans. 
• 1877aWelckerH The author discusses the differences in the anatomy of the LCF in animals: tapir, orangutan, chimpanzee. 
• 1879BischoffTLW The paper discusses the size of the LCF in the gorilla.
• 1880GadowHF LCF has been observed in rhea, cassowary and ostrich and is noted to be strength. 
• 1880HuxleyTH The author writes about the presence and absence of LCF in some animal species.
• 1883SuttonJB According to the author, the LCF is a tendon of the pectineus muscle, separated from it in consequence of skeletal modifications. 
• 1884SuttonJB The author discovered that in the ostrich the LCF was not continuous with the ambiens muscle. 
• 1885FlowerWH The author notes the presence of the LCF in almost all mammals and lists the species in which it is absent.
• 1885SuttonJB The author lists the species of animals in which he did not find the LCF.
• 1887SuttonJB According to the author, the LCF is a modified tendon of the pectineus muscle. 
• 1889EckerA The author points out the presence of the LCF in the frog and the presence of a similar structure in the shoulder joint. 
• 1894KeithA The paper discusses the development, anatomy, strength, and presence of the ligamentum LCF in various monkeys. 
• 1898LeiseringAGT The author describes the LCF in the horse and its accessory ligament. 
• 1899ParsonsFG  The paper discusses the anatomy, role and presence of the LCF in different animals. 
• 1932StolpeM The author studied the LCF in birds, mainly waterfowl, the strength is noted and the role. 
• 1934FrancisETB The author points out that the salamander has two acetabular ligaments, analogous to the LCF. 
• 1971CracraftJ LCF has been studied in the pigeon, its strength has been noted and its biomechanics has been described. 
• 1981OrtnerDJ_PutscharWGJ The authors describe signs of LCF pathology in the remains of a Bronze Age individual.
• 1993BaumelJ. The attachment sites of the LCF in birds are indicated. 
• 2009FrandsonRD_FailsAD The authors discuss the terminology, structure, and role of the LCF in the horse.
• THE OLDEST LCF. The first quadruped with LCF '
• University_of_Guelph(website). The publication mentions the animal's LCF and states its function: fixing the femoral head in the acetabulum.

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ZOOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY