Skip to main content

Catalog. Arthroscopic reconstruction

 

Introduction 

Currently, ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) reconstruction using arthroscopic technologies is considered promising. According to the literature available to us, the first such operation was performed by Marc J. Philippon, which he first reported on in May 2006 (2006PhilipponMJ). Until now, reconstruction of LCF using minimally invasive technologies has not yet become widespread. The long-term results of arthroscopic LCF repair are still uncertain due to insufficient number of surgical procedures performed and short follow-up period (2014O'DonnellJM_SinghPJ).

Catalog

Arthroscopic LCF reconstruction and discussion of technique

Abibe RB, Rahal SC, dos Reis Mesquita L, Doiche D, da Silva, JP, Mamprim, MJ, Pinho RH, Battazza A, Alves CEF, Saunders WB. Ligamentum teres reconstruction using autogenous semitendinosus tendon with toggle technique in rabbits. PeerJ. 2023;11:e14777. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14777 [peerj.com , peerj.com(PDF)]

Al'Khafaji, I., Olszewski, Y., Clarnette, G., Settle, E., Ernstbrunner, L., O'Donnell, J., & Ackland, D. (2024). The contribution of the ligamentum teres to the hip fluid seal: A biomechanics study. Clinical Biomechanics, 106186. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov , sciencedirect.com]

Amenabar T, O’Donnell J. Arthroscopic ligamentum teres reconstruction using semitendinosus tendon: Surgical technique and an unusual outcome. Arthrosc Tech. 2012;1(2)e169-74. doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2012.07.002 [sciencedirect.com]

Ankem HK, Diulus SC, Meghpara MB, Rosinsky PJ, Shapira J, Maldonado DR, ... Domb BG. Arthroscopic triple reconstruction in the hip joint: restoration of soft-tissue stabilizers in revision surgery for gross instability. Arthroscopy Techniques. 202110(5)e1239-48. [sciencedirect.com]

Arkhipov SV. Underwater Rock of the Ligamentum Teres Reconstructions. Ligamentum Teres – Ligamentum Incognitum. 2019, December 23:1-3. doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22632.42249 [researchgate.net]

Bajwa AS, Cantab MP, VillarRN. Editorial Commentary: Arthroscopic Hip Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction – Reality or Mythology? 2018;34(1)152-4. doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2017.11.003 [sciencedirect.com]

Bajwa A. What the papers say. Journal of Hip Preservation Surgery. 2023;8(4)384-6. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Bourgeault-Gagnon Y, Cohen D, Ayeni OR. Editorial Commentary: Borderline Hip Dysplasia Combined With Increased Anteversion and Ligamentum Teres Disruption Is a Recipe for Hip Microinstability. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2024;11. [arthroscopyjournal.org , sciencedirect.com]

Brady AW, Chahla J, Locks R, Mikula JD, SletteEL, LaPrade RF, Philippon MJ. Arthroscopic reconstruction of the ligamentum teres: A guide to safe tunnel placement. Arthroscopy. 2018;34(1)144-51. doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.308 [sciencedirect.com]

Briggs KK, Pennock A, Philippon MJ. Paper 36: Arthroscopic Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2011;27(1)e20-1. doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2010.11.049 [arthroscopyjournal.org]

Chaharbakhshi EO, Perets I, Ashberg L, Mu B, Lenkeit C, Domb BG. Do ligamentum teres tears portend inferior outcomes in patients with borderline dysplasia undergoing hip arthroscopic surgery? A match-controlled study with a minimum 2-year follow-up. The American journal of sports medicine. 2017;45(11)2507-16. doi.org/10.1177/0363546517710008 [journals.sagepub.com]

Chaharbakhshi EO, Perets I, Ashberg L, Mu B, Lenkeit C, Domb BG.). Do ligamentum teres tears portend inferior outcomes in patients with borderline dysplasia undergoing hip arthroscopic surgery? A match-controlled study with a minimum 2-year follow-up. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017;45(11)2507-16. [journals.sagepub.com]

Chandrasekaran S, Martin TJ, Close MR, Suarez-Ahedo C, Lodhia P, Domb BG. Arthroscopic reconstruction of the ligamentum teres: A case series in four patients with connective tissue disorders and generalized ligamentous laxity. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2016;3:358-367. doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnw016 [academic.oup.com , academic.oup.com(PDF)]

de Sa D, Phillips M, Philippon MJ, Letkemann S, Simunovic N, Ayeni OR. Ligamentum teres injuries of the hip: a systematic review examining surgical indications, treatment options, and outcomes. Arthroscopy. 2014;30(12):1634-41. doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2014.06.007 [sciencedirect.com]

Dimitrakopoulou A, Villar RN. Surgical Treatment of Specific Hip Conditions: Ligamentum Teres Injuries. In Hip Joint Restoration. New York: Springer, 2017:521-6. [link.springer.com]

Garabekyan T, Chadayammuri V, Pascual-Garrido C, Mei-Dan O. All-arthroscopic ligamentum teres reconstruction with graft fixation at the femoral head-neck junction. Arthrosc Tech. 2016;5(1)e143-7. doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2015.10.020 [sciencedirect.com]

Hammarstedt JE, Redmond JM, Gupta A, DombBG. Arthroscopic ligamentum teres reconstruction of the hip in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a case study. HIP Int.  2015;25(3)286-91. doi.org/10.5301/hipint.5000228 [journals.sagepub.com]

Hartigan DE, Hegedus CE. Editorial Commentary: Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction May Improve Hip Stability But Has High Revision Rates: Fad or Restoration of Function? Arthroscopy. 2021;37(6)1820-1. doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.02.037 [sciencedirect.com]

Ismailoglu AV, Ismailoglu P, Zeynalov SI, Ozdogmus O, Yildizhan SE, Bayramoglu A, Kayaalp A. A guide to facilitate the creation of a femoral tunnel for arthroscopic ligamentum teres reconstruction: a three-dimensional computed tomography study. Journal of Hip Preservation Surgery. 2023hnad027. doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnad027 [academic.oup.com , scholar.google]

Knapik DM, Farivar D, Kunze KN, Gilat R, Nho SJ, Chahla J. Indications and outcomes after ligamentum teres reconstruction: a systematic review. Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation. 2021;3(3)e939-49. [arthroscopysportsmedicineandrehabilitation.org ,  sciencedirect.com] 

Kraeutler MJ, Garabekyan T, Pascual-Garrido C, Mei-Dan O. Ligamentum teres tendinopathy and tears. MLTJ. 2016;6(3)337-42. doi.org/10.11138/mltj/2016.6.3.337 [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Lall AC, Ankem HK, Ryan MK, Beason DP, Diulus SC, Roach RP, Rosinsky PJ, Maldonado DR, Emblton BA, Domb BG. In-line Pullout Strength of 2 Acetabular Fixation Methods for Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction of the Hip: A Cadaveric Study. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021;9(12)23259671211052533. doi.org/10.1177/23259671211052533  [journals.sagepub.com]

Lindner D, Sharp KG, Trenga AP, Stone J, Stake CE, Domb BG. Arthroscopic ligamentum teres reconstruction. Arthrosc Tech. 2013;2(1)e21-5. doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2012.10.002 [sciencedirect.com]

Lindner, D., Gilat, R., & Domb, B. G.). Ligamentum Teres Injuries and Treatment. Hip Preservation Surgery: Open, Arthroscopic, and Endoscopic Techniques. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2020;181-90. [link.springer.com]

Locks R, Bolia I, Utsunomiya H, Briggs K, Philippon MJ. Current concepts in revision hip arthroscopy. HIP International. 2018;28(4)343-51. doi.org/10.1177/1120700018771927 [journals.sagepub.com]

Maldonado DR, Chen JW, Lall AC, Go CC, Walker-Santiago R, Rosinsky PJ, Shapira J, Domb BG. Arthroscopic Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction Using Anterior Tibialis Allograft and the Tension-Slide Technique. Arthrosc Tech. 2019;8(10)e1075-83. doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2019.05.022 [sciencedirect.com]

Mazek J, Gnatowski M, Salas AP, Domżalski M, Wójcicki R, Skowronek J, Skowronek P. Ligamentum teres reconstruction with labrum and capsule repair after posterior acetabular wall fracture: a case report. Journal of Hip Preservation Surgery. 2021;8(Supplement_1)i41-i45.  [europepmc.org]

Mazek J, Helmy N, Salas AP, Skowronek P, Madej A, O´Donnell JM, Dimitriou D. Quantitative cotyloid fossa thickness and proximity to obturator neurovascular bundle: implications for arthroscopic ligamentum teres reconstruction. Journal of Hip Preservation Surgery. 2023;10(3-4)192-6. [academic.oup.com , scholar.google]

Mei-Dan O, McConkey MO. A novel technique for ligamentum teres reconstruction with “all-suture” anchors in the medial acetabular wall. Arthrosc Tech. 2014;3(2)e217-21. doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2013.10.003 [sciencedirect.com]

Menge TJ, Mitchell JJ, Briggs KK, Philippon MJ. Anatomic arthroscopic ligamentum teres reconstruction for hip instability. Arthrosc Tech. 2016;5(4)e737-e742. doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2016.02.036 [sciencedirect.com]

Neumann JA, Greene RS, Banffy MB. A Technique for Arthroscopic-Assisted Ligamentum Teres Augmentation Using a Suture Tape Augmentation. Arthrosc Tech. 2018;7(1)e65–e69. doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2017.08.048 [sciencedirect.com]

O’Donnell J, Klaber I, Takla A. Ligamentum teres reconstruction: indications, technique and minimum 1-year results in nine patients. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2020;7(1)140–6. doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnz070 [academic.oup.com]

O’Donnell JM, Pritchard M, Porthos Salas A, Singh PJ. The ligamentum teres—its increasing importance. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2014;1(1)3-11. doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnu003 [academic.oup.com , academic.oup.com(PDF)]

Pennock AT, Philippon MJ. Arthroscopic ligamentum teres reconstruction: Technique and Early Outcomes. International Society for Hip Arthroscopy (ISHA) Annual Scientific Meeting.  Cancun, Mexico, Oct 8-9, 2010, P. 62. [drrobertlaprademd.com]

Philippon MJ, Pennock A, Briggs KK. Arthroscopic Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction. International Society for Hip Arthroscopy, Cancun, Mexico, October 2010, P. 65. [drrobertlaprademd.com]

Philippon MJ, Pennock A, Gaskill TR. Arthroscopic reconstruction of the ligamentum teres: technique and early outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94B(11)1494-8.  doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.94B11.28576  [online.boneandjoint.org.uk]

Philippon MJ. Advanced Restorative Concepts: Chondral Grafts, Labrum/ Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction, AANA Specialty Days, 2010 AAOS Annual Meeting. New Orleans, La., March 2010, P. 63. [drrobertlaprademd.com]

Philippon MJ. Arthroscopic Capsular Plication and Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction, Sports Hip Surgery, Warwick, England, June 2010, P.64. [drrobertlaprademd.com]

Philippon MJ. Arthroscopic ligamentum teres repair and reconstruction. Santander Arthroscopy and Sports Hip Meeting. Santander, Spain. February 2009.   [slideshare.net]

Philippon MJ. Arthroscopic Reconstruction of the Ligamentum Teres. Warwick Sports Hip Conference. Warwick, England. October 2006. [slideshare.net , sprivail.org]

Philippon MJ. Ligamentum teres reconstruction. Advances in hip Arthroscopy Meeting. Paris, France. 22-23rd May 2006. [slideshare.net , sprivail.org(PDF)]

Philippon MJ. Ligamentum Teres Reconstruction. Vail Hip Arthroscopy Symposium, Vail, CO, March, 2012. [sprivail.org]

Rosinsky PJ, Annin S, Maldonado DR, Kyin C, Meghpara MB, Shapira J, Lall AC, Domb BG. Arthroscopic ligamentum teres reconstruction: Minimum 2-year patient reported outcomes with sub-analysis of patients with EhlerseDanlos syndrome. Arthroscopy. 2020;36(8)2170-82.  [sciencedirect.com]

Rosinsky PJ, Shapira J, Lall AC, Domb BG. All About the Ligamentum Teres: From Biomechanical Role to Surgical Reconstruction. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020;28(8)e328-e339. doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-19-00352 [journals.lww.com]

Shapira J, Yelton MJ, Rosinsky PJ, Maldonado DR, Meghpara MB, Ankem HK, Lall AC, Domb BG. Ligamentum teres reconstruction may lead to improvement in outcomes following a secondary hip arthroscopy for symptomatic microinstability: A systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2021;37(6)1811-9. doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2021.01.022 [sciencedirect.com]

Simpson JM, Field RE, Villar RN. Arthroscopic reconstruction of the ligamentum teres. Arthroscopy. 2011;27(3)436-41. doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2010.09.016 [sciencedirect.com] 

Spencer AD, Hagen MS. Predicting Outcomes in Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2024;1-9. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Steadman - Hawkins Research Foundation. Annual Report 2006. Vail, Colorado, 2006, P. 60-61. [sprivail.org]

Steadman Philippon Research Institute. 2010 Annual Report. Vail, Colorado, 2010, P. 62-65. [drrobertlaprademd.com]

Steadman Philippon Research Institute. 2012 Annual Report. Vail, Colorado, 2012, P. 35, 57, 64, 66. [sprivail.org]

White BJ, Ericson JrWB. Hip pain: Surgical treatment of an unstable hip: Labral and ligamentum teres reconstruction and periacetabular osteotomy (PAO). In: Francomano CA et al (Eds). Symptomatic. Elsevier, 2024;547-53. [sciencedirect.com]

White BJ, Scoles AM, Herzog MM. Simultaneous acetabular labrum and ligamentum teres reconstruction: a case report. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2018;5(2)166-73. doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hny001 [academic.oup.com]

.                                                                     .

keywords: ligamentum capitis femoris, ligament of head of femur, ligamentum teres, hip joint, reconstruction, arthroscopy …

CATALOGS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Dating and authorship of the Book of Genesis

  An original perspective on the dating and authorship of the Book of Genesis. This approach can reconcile all faiths, including atheists and scientists. English version of the article: https://roundligament.blogspot.com/2026/02/great-compilation-introduction.html   Abstract The Book of Genesis (Bereshith) was composed in Egypt during the 17th century BCE and reached its definitive protographic form following the Minoan eruption of Thera. This study argues that the work was the result of a collaboration between an Egyptian polymath and a distinguished scribe of Asiatic descent. By analyzing ancient texts, anatomical descriptions, archaeological data, Bronze Age cultural history, and climatic markers, this article demonstrates that the book emerged from the work of a high-ranking socio-political committee within the Egyptian House of Life. We argue that the inclusion of precise anatomical data, such as the ligamentum capitis femoris, serves as a diagnostic marker of this Egypti...

18c.JoubertJ

  Joubert J, painting – Jacob's struggle with God in the form of an angel (17-18th cent.).  Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day.  26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank.  ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work:  Ninth month, eleventh day  ( 2024АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Jean Joubert –  Jacob's struggle with God in the form of an angel  (17-18th ce...

LCF in 2026 (September)

  LCF in 2026 (September )  (Quotes from articles and books published in September   2026 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris)   Goetz, J. E., Hockman, J., & Willey, M. C. (2026). Rabbit models of hip dysplasia: a narrative review. Laboratory animal research , 42 (1), 32.   [i]   link.springer.com   Kahana-Rojkind, A. H., Strok, M. J., Walsh, E. G., Quesada-Jimenez, R., Kuhns, B. D., & Domb, B. G. (2026). Factors Associated With Return to Sport at Minimum 10-Year Follow-up in Athletes With Borderline Hip Dysplasia Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy With Capsular Plication. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine , 14 (9), 23259671261451218.   [ii]   journals.sagepub.com   Stanard, I., Almhanna, H., Al-Mahmodi, A. M. M., Kilroy, D., & Kumar, A. H. (2026). Comparative Analysis of Vascular Density in the Femoral Head Ligament of the Dog, Sheep, and Goat.  [iii]   oajr.org , researchgate.net   Hirt, J., Roshardt, ...

Morphology and Histology of LCF

  Version : 20240418 MORPHOLOGY OF LCF 1. Individual fibers of stroma 2. Portions of stroma 3. Bundles of stroma portions 4. Entire stroma 5. Leg (attaching part of the ligament) 6. Synovial membrane 7. Synovial fold 8. Arterial vessels 9. Venous vessels 10. Capillary bed 11. Lymphatic vessels 12. Nerves 13. Receptors 14. Adipose tissue 15. Loose connective tissue 16. Bone tissue (in the area of attachment) 17. Fibrous tissue (in the area of attachment) 18. Cartilage tissue (in the area of attachment)   HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LCF ATTACHMENT SITES Bone tissue 1. Femur 2. Pelvic bone   Cartilage tissue 1. Femoral head (children, edges of the fovea capitis femoris in adults) 2. Acetabular cavity (children)   Fibrous tissue 1. Transverse acetabular ligament 2. Obturator membrane 3. Periosteum of the pelvic bones 4. Joint capsule   Keywords: ligamentum capitis femoris, ligament of head o...

Human Children. Retelling of Chapter 13

  Short retelling of chapter 13 of the essay: Arkhipov S.V. Human Children: The Origins of Biblical Legends from a Physician's Perspective. Joensuu: Author's Edition, 2025. [In Russian]  Chapter 13. PROPHETIC DREAMS After his wanderings and battles, Abraham settles in “Mamre’s oaks in Hebron.” Following these events, he experiences a divine “word in a vision” and a dream promising him lands “from Egypt’s river to the great river, Euphrates.” His family relocates to a desert along the Shur road, near the well “Beer-Lahai-Roi,” between Kadesh and Bered. In another divine appearance, Abraham is commanded to circumcise all males’ foreskins, rename Sarai as Sarah, and is told he’ll father a child at 100, despite Sarah’s barrenness at 89. That day, Abraham circumcises his son Ishmael, household males, and, at 99, himself. In Mamre’s oaks, during “daytime heat,” a mirage foretells fatherhood. The dream shifts, showing Sodom and Gomorrah’s destruction and Lot’s miraculous rescue. ...

1856HenleJ

  The author examines in detail the structure, shape and blood supply of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). Jakob Henle notes that the LCF serves as a conduit for vessels and participates in the synthesis of synovial fluid. Its strength varies, but usually it is robust. However, according to the author, the mechanical role of the LCF lies in tensioning the capsule of the hip joint. The translation was done in collaboration with ChatGPT 3.5.   Henle J. Handbuch der systematischen Anatomie des Menschen: in drei Bänden. Erster band, zweite abthelung. Handbuch der Bänderlehre des Menschen. Braunschweig: F. Vieweg und sohn, 1856. [fragments] Quote p. 1 22   Fig. 105. Frontalschnitt des Hüftgelenks, parallel den Fasern des Lig. teres (tf). o Lig. obturatorium. Rf laterale Ursprungssehne des M. rectus femoris. zo Zona orbicularis der Kapsel (s unten). 3 Fettpolster der Fossa acetabuli. Fig. 105. Frontal se...

Homo neanderthalensis

  HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS Homo neanderthalensis flourished 500-30 thousand years ago in Europe and Asia. It is assumed that its ancestor could have been Homo ergaster or Homo heidelbergensis (2005KleinR). Homo sapiens neanderthalensis «Mr. N» Neanderthal Museum in Mettmann, fragment of the original photograph; source in the  wikimedia.org  collection (license CC BY-SA 4.0, no changes). Neanderthal, late type, the old man from La Chapelle-aux-Saints, reconstruction by M.M. Gerasimov; exposition of the Orlov Paleontological Museum (Moscow); photo by the author. A reconstruction of the pelvis of the Neanderthal "Kebara 2" (Israel), whose remains are dated to 64-59 Kya (2021AdegboyegaMT_WeaverTD), is known. The well-preserved right pelvic bone (Fig. 1) has a large acetabulum with fossa and acetabular notch, indicating the presence of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). Neanderthal pelvis, right acetabulum view from the lateral side (3-D model); original image on   sketchfab....

The First Conservative Treatment

  Conservative treatment of ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) pathology is, without exaggeration, a highly complex subject. We understand how to repair LCF surgically, although we have not yet achieved significant success in this (2024). Methods of drug therapy for changes in LCF are not even discussed today. The first attempt at treating post-traumatic changes in LCF with recurrent hip dislocations was made by Galen of Pergamon (129-210/217 AD) over 19 centuries ago. In Hippocratis de articulis liber et Galeni in eum commentarius quatus (IV, 40) , he wrote: « And when mucus builds up in the joint, then the ligament [LCF] softens and weakens as a result. And it does not matter whether you call it a ligament ( σύνδεσμον ) or a connecting sinew ( νεῦρον συνδετικόν ). For those ligaments that have a rounded shape like tendons are usually called connecting sinews by anatomists. And we have already cured this kind of hip dislocation twice, and it did not dislocate again. Drying medica...

LCF in 2025 (July)

    LCF in 2025 ( July )   (Quotes from articles and books published in July 2025 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris.) Tekcan, D., Bilgin, G., & Güven, Ş. Evaluation of Risk Factors for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. HAYDARPAŞA NUMUNE MEDICAL JOURNAL , 65 (2), 99-103.   [i]   jag.journalagent.com   Domb, B. G., & Sabetian, P. W. (2025). Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome: Gluteal Tendinopathy, Partial Tear, Complete Tear, Iliotibial Band Syndrome, and Bursitis. In Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (pp. 1-17). Springer, Cham.   [ii]   link.springer.com   Kuhns, B. D., Becker, N., Patel, D., Shah, P. P., & Domb, B. G. (2025). Significant Heterogeneity in Existing Literature Limits Both Indication and Outcome Comparability Between Studies Involving Periacetabular Osteotomy For Acetabular Dysplasia With or Without Arthroscopy Despite Improvement for Both: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy .   [iii]   ...

Tiktaalik roseae

  TIKTAALIK ROSEAE The first truly tetrapod animal (Limbed tetrapods) is recognized as the lobe-finned fish Tiktaalik roseae (clade Elpistostegalia), discovered in rocks aged about 375 Ma (2006DaeschlerEB_JenkinsJrFA; 2008ShubinN; 2017ShubinN). Discoveries in recent years have allowed us to place the taxa of early tetrapodomorphs in the following order: Tinirau, Eusthenopteron, Megalichthys, Panderichthys, Qikiqtania, Tiktaalik, Elpistostege, Parmastega, Ventastega, Acanthostega, Elginerpeton, Ymeria, Ichthyostega (2022StewartTA_ShubinNH). The closest ancestor of Tiktaalik roseae, the fragments of the skeleton of which are relatively well preserved, is Panderichthys. Reconstruction of the prehistoric fish Pandericthys Author Tyler Rhodes; original in the  wikipedia.org   collection (license CC BY-SA 3.0, no changes). The shape of the skeleton of the pectoral fin and shoulder girdle suggests that Panderichthys rhombolepis "walked" (2006AhlbergPE_ClackJA). At the very least...