Archipov-Baltic S.V. Reasoning about Morphomechanics. The norm – Kaliningrad, 2004. - 820 p; the Manuscript, version 1.4. The bibliography - 885 names, contains 15 tables, 340 illustrations.
The conclusion (Chapter of the book, p. 776-780)
Concluding
the first reasoning about morphomechanics, and summing up said above, it is
necessary to stop once again on the main moments of our narration. Living
organisms on the Earth - living systems, both unicellular, and multicellular,
are constantly pressed for mechanical forces. It can be a direct influence upon
a living system of a material body, or influence of its gravitational field. We
indicated the totality of all mechanical influences on a living system as a
mechanical agent of the environment.
The mechanical agent is the same factor of the environment
as temperature, humidity, illuminance, a radioactive background, a chemical
composition of ambient space. It is significant, as well as other factors of an
environment, perhaps, even more than they are. Its presence has the same
necessity as certain ambient temperature, or a chemical compound of an
atmosphere. Living systems adapt to the mechanical agent of the environment as
well as to the others. The given factor is stable enough in time, and in this
connection, the adaptation to it passes not only in ontogenesis of a concrete
individual, but also in process of its phylogenesis. The mechanical agent is
the direct participant of natural selection and substantially defines specific
difference.
The research of interaction of the mechanical agent of the
environment and living systems requires special approach. In our opinion, it
has become necessary to distinguish a new scientific direction -morphomechanics.
This work represents the first attempt of comprehension of value and a place of
this discipline and, as a matter of fact, it is an introduction into
morphomechanics. We defined morphomechanics as a branch of biophysics studying
the influence of the mechanical agent upon biological processes taking place in
living systems.
Morphomechanics has appeared not on an empty place, it has
crystallized from biomechanics. The appearance of morphomechanics is connected,
first of all, with the problem that in the context of biomechanics it is not
possible to get answers to the questions like why and how the mechanical agent
has the influence on a structure and function of living systems.
Taking into account the novelty of the discussed scientific
direction, a number of entered new terms and concepts, this work is built up as
a reasoning of the author with a detailed presentation of his ideas about the
given subject. Initially on concrete examples the verity of the main regulation
of morphomechanics is shown, its axiom - the structure and function of living
systems depend on the mechanical agent. It is correct without exception for all
living beings, plants and animals, multicellular and unicellular. The given
statement is not new, however the focused attention to it in modern science is
not enough.
As the evidence of legitimacy of the made conclusions the
various tissues that form the body of a person and biological processes
proceeding there are examined. The micro- and macroanatomic structure of a
girdle of inferior extremity was researched with the detailed analysis of a hip
joint. At first sight it could seem, that the work represents the description
of histology, anatomy and biomechanics of a lower extremity, as well as a hip
joint. However the given sequence of a statement of the material was not
casually chosen. The author has tried to show the validity and comprehensive
character of the main regulation of morphomechanics with the help of a
significant number of supervision and examples of normal structure of organs
and tissues and also some adaptive processes. In the first chapter the normal structure of
the basic tissues of a human body as the most investigated has been examined in
details.
In our opinion it was obviously shown, that a structure of
tissues of person’s body and not only of basic tissues, is equal to the loading
affecting on them. Normally functioning tissues find themselves optimized for
existence in conditions of forces operating upon them. The adaptation to the
mechanical agent is traced not only on the part of tissues and their device,
but also directly to their cells. It was shown, that adaptation of living cells
and tissues occurs by means of biological processes proceeding there. Their
absolute majority has adaptive character and provide the adaptation to the
mechanical agent. It is necessary to make a note, that without presence of
living cells the adaptation is inconceivable – it is impossible to change the
structure and function of living systems.
The influence of the mechanical agent and interdependence of
structure of the elements of musculoskeletal system is especially brightly
shown, in the field of joints. The structure of the hip joint is a graphic
evidence of it. Its each element independently is of great importance, and
influences upon function and structure associated with it. By a detailed
examination even such small element of a hip joint as a round ligament of femur
is the same. The influence of the round ligament of femur is spread not only on
components forming a hip joint, but also on a structure, and function of all
musculoskeletal system. It is concerned with the fact that the round ligament
of femur is an active functional connectivity of a hip joint. It arranges
movement, participates in distribution of loadings upon elements of the hip
joint and musculoskeletal system as a whole. In particular, it has been
revealed, that in mono-support orthostatic position and in the middle of the
mono-support period of a step, the round ligament of femur transform hip joint
from the lever of the first type into the lever of the second type. The loaded
are not the superior surface, as was considered earlier, but the inferior
surface of the head of femur and cotyloid cavity. The round ligament of femur
not only redistributes loading, but also automates the process of walking and
saves energy.
Because of the round ligament of femur has the important
mechanical value, its any modification results in redistribution of loading in
all musculoskeletal system. It brings essential shifts in kinematics of
locomotion, in structure of a hip joint and musculoskeletal system. The
pathology of the round ligament of femur, in our deep belief, underlies in the
development of such diseases as a congenital dislocation of a hip, Perthes’
desease, epiphyseal aseptic necrosis of upper end of femur, coxarthrosis and
partly some others. Their pathogenesis
should be cardinally reconsidered taking into account the role of the
round ligament of femur. Accordingly to this fact it is necessary to make
considerable changes into approaches of treatment and prevention of the given
diseases. The disclosure of the mechanism of the hip joint functioning and the
role of the round ligament of femur will allow to understand better the reasons
of a pathology of a hip joint, to develop techniques of their preventive
maintenance, diagnostics and treatment, to improve the design of
endoprosthesis, and the results of endoprosthesis replacement. However it is
the theme of another work …
Finding out the interrelation of structure of the elements
of musculoskeletal system, there comes the question, in what way they influence
upon each other? The other question is connected to that, - which
characteristics of the mechanical agent of the environment the living systems
adapt to and what exactly influences upon them? From our point of view living
systems adapt to the level of daily average tension, they are capable to trace
it and even to change it.
For each point belonging to a living system there is a
certain optimum level of daily average tension. It is defined by the mechanical
agent, according to it living systems, their structure and function are formed.
Under some circumstances the level of the optimum daily average tension could
not coincide with the size of the actual daily average tension. At that time
there comes the difference between them, which we gave the name “bioeffective
tension”. Just the occurrence of this bioeffective tension in organs and
tissues of living systems induces there biological processes. This phenomenon
which we have named as “bioinduction”, is observed both in norm, and at a
pathology in all living systems without exception.
The dependence between bioeffective tension and biological
processes is determined by the regularity which was unknown earlier and which
we detected and gave the name - the law of bioinduction. It says - the
bioeffective tension appearing in living systems and representing the
difference between actual and optimum daily average tension, induces the
biological processes levelling them by the principle of a negative feedback,
and not liquidated bioeffective tension results in an injury of living systems.
In other words, living systems, at the occurrence of bioeffective tension
there, aspire to liquidate it. One of the variants could be the change of the
mode of functioning. However, more often the biological processes generated in
a living system, change its structure. At the same time there can be the
correction of the level of as the actual, so as the optimum daily average
tension, and in a number of cases - both simultaneously. The growth and
development of a living system in ontogenesis is defined by just this
regularity, as well as those changes that are observed at a pathology.
Biological processes induced in living systems change the
size of bioeffective tension. This change can be characterized by speed and
acceleration which can be calculated. The more intensively and adequately
adaptive processes evolve, the higher is the speed and acceleration of change
of bioeffective tension or speed and acceleration of bioinduction.
The phenomenon of bioinduction results in quite certain
transformations of living systems. The researches and understanding the
processes occuring in living systems at appearance of bioeffective tension have
shown that the bioinduction is of vector size and can be calculated as well. In
its turn producing the module of the vector of bioinduction into the surface
area, through which it passes, allows to find the size of the stream of
bioinduction. According to the direction of the stream of bioinduction, along
the lines of bioinduction, in organs and tissues the fibrous elements are
oriented. The last represent visible confirmation of the reality of streams of
bioinduction. The size of the stream of bioinduction is in dependence on the
properties of tissues which it passes through. This dependence is expressed
through the coefficient of bioinduction describing a concrete tissue.
Bioinduction is the phenomenon which is inherent only to
living systems. Taking into account its vector character and distribution in a
certain capacity of space occupied with living matter, we entered the concept
of “a field of bioinduction” or “a biological field”. In addition the vector of
bioinduction is a value which describes a biological field in concrete point of
a living system.
The boundaries of the biological field coincide with the
boundaries of the living system. The important property of the biological field
is its tendency to distribution that causes and explains the growth of living
systems. The sources of the biological field are living cells. The existence of
the biological field distinguishes the living matter from the lifeless one.
According to our definition, the life is a way of existence
of material objects which are able to adjust the level of the daily average
tension and to reproduce similar ones. Life is a special another-quality
condition of a matter. As you can notice, in the given definition there is no
binding to albuminous bodies and organic compounds. It indicates on a fundamental
opportunity of a life not only on the basis of carbon.
Cells force on each other and on intercellular substance by
means of biological processes. Their important component is the information
concentrated in nucleic acids. Realization of an information component of
living systems in view of factors of the environment also results into their
transformation. The speed of spread of a biological field is the speed of
realization of the living system information, and depends on its properties.
The reality of a biological field proves the structure of living systems – the
orderliness of the position of constituent elements. The biological field in a
living system represents the set of flows of bioinduction. It follows that the
structure of living systems is a transection of different directional fiber
bundles and crystals, a vectorial position of cellular groups.
The biological field is a special kind of a matter, its
other qualitative condition. The biological field is potential and also can be
both static and metastatic. The main property of a biological field is its
action on a space which surrounds the cells - on other cells and intercellular
substance with some force. It is possible to determine upon this exposure not
only the existence of a biological field, but also its basic characteristics.
In a living system the biological field transforms the matter and converts it
into energy. Biological field is a field produced by living systems, and by
means of it they interact with the environment.
As well as any field, a biological field has energy. Energy
of a biological field is similar to energy of a fluctuating pendulum. As well
as pendulum, a biological field has potential and kinetic energy. Each energy can
be calculated. Potential energy is determined, first of all, by the value of a
bioeffective tension, it characterizes the value of a deviation of a living
system from the state of equilibrium. In its turn kinetic energy is the energy
of biological processes proceeding in a living system defining the speed of
their course and efficiency. Only the living system has biological energy. In
living systems biological energy can turn into other kinds of energy and
backwards.
The important characteristic of the living system
influencing on its power, is its bioinertia. The given concept is similar to
the mass in mechanics. The speed of development of the adaptive process, its
efficiency depends on it. Bioinertia is a genetically determined characteristic
of a living system.
One of the basic properties of a biological field is its
capacity for transforming living systems. It can influence upon the bodies and
tissues with certain force. The force from which the biological field
influences upon ambient space, is possible to calculate. It is possible to define
some forces of a biological field which change the structure of living systems.
The longitudinal force of bioinduction (the Wolf's force) determines the
longitudinal organization of a tissue, in the direction of the flux of
bioinduction. The lateral force of bioinduction (the force of Kennon) is
perpendicular to the vector of bioinduction and influences upon the transversal
sizes of the body. Directly on the least element of a tissue - a fiber, a
crystal or a cell the biological field influences with the force of
biomigration (the force of Lesgaft). The form and the structure of living
systems changes because of the given forces.
At a change of the structure of living systems under
influence of a biological field the work is made. As well as the capacity of a
living system it can be calculated. The work on the transformation of a
substance and energy within the limits of a living system is inevitably
accompanied by the heat release or absorption. We deduced an expression which
allows to find the change of quantity of heat. It was marked, that in the
offered formulas the dimension of energy, work, capacity and heat do not differ
from generally recognized. In our opinion it testifies to the legitimacy of the
applied approaches and the actuality of the found values.
Above said indicates onto that there was found the special
class of the phenomena of material world which is observed only in living
systems. The given phenomena can be mathematically described and accordingly
calculated. This circumstance allows to speak about transition of biology and
medicine into the category of the exact sciences. The generality of the
phenomena of living and lifeless world – the similarity of biological,
mechanical and electrodynamic values has come to light.
Within the framework of the system of views which are put
forward on court of the scientific community, it is obviously possible to
formulate a number of the basic concepts of medicine and biology - health,
illness, life, death. The life is a bunch of energy, mass and information which
is able to transformation of various forms of tissue and cooperates with them
actively.
The health of a living system is a condition of complete
conformity of its mass, energy and information.
The illness can be defined as a condition of inconformity of
mass, energy and information of a living system.
The death is a complete inconformity of energy, mass and
information. The given condition appears with noncompensated increase in a
daily average tension and disadaptation of the organism to it. With the
termination of life the living systems lose the ability to control the level of
a daily average tension and to reproduce the similar to themselves.
The idea of the function of daily average tension for living
systems enables to comprehend the value of sleep. As we think the sleep is not
only a condition of the saving of mass, energy and information of a living
system. First of all, it is phylogenetically produced mechanism of correction
of daily average tension. Thus the sleep can be related to the major adaptive
biological processes. It allows living systems to function actively between the
periods of the sleep, experiencing considerable influences of the mechanical
agent.
Summing up our reasoning it is necessary to note, that it
concerned, first of all, the condition of the norm. At the same time we
examined briefly the biological processes and the phenomena which proceed not
only in the norm, but also at the pathology. Some consequences of the
occurrence of bioeffective tension in the region of the hip joint were covered.
There was shown the role and the place of the round ligament of femur in the
onset of the pathology of the hip joint.
The system of views on the phenomenon of bioinduction was
stated as a hypothesis and also regularity shown up - the law of bioinduction,
disclose the cause-effect relations with living. The science receives into its
disposal the tool of mathematical research of living systems, forecasting of
their development and clinical course. The described system of views and
exposing "the mystery" of the round ligament of femur, enables even
now to reconsider the approaches to diagnostics, treatment and preventive
maintenance of some pathological conditions of a hip joint. There are
prerequisites for the creation of new classification of pathological conditions
of musculoskeletal system, and some other systems of the bodies dependent on
the mechanical agent.
In our opinion it is necessary to correct scientific researches, both in medicine, and in biology in order that not to scatter forces, means and time for searches of "the philosophers’ stones". The ground of the reality of concept of a biological field strengthens belief in official medicine, discredits charlatans and healers of all kinds. The solution of such dimensioned problems has strategic value both for the state separately, and for all mankind. At the same time, we understand that we are just in the beginning of the way. The further researches in the work of perfection of the mathematical apparatus, and also a wide complex of experimental and clinical researches are required. In this connection it would be desirable to address to all sharing the stated views, the broad mass of the medical community, biologists, biophysicists and biomechanics, with the offer of cooperation...
With deep respect and gratitude for the attention.
11.01.2004
1993-2004
Kaliningrad
- Vasilikovo - Saint Petersburg – Hannover
The author
Dr. med. Sergey Vasilievitch Archipov
Pseudonym: Archipov-Baltic S.V. (Архипов-Балтийский С.В.)
.
.
The translator - Yana Kustovskaya
Original text:
Архипов-Балтийский СВ. Рассуждение о морфомеханике. Норма. В 2 т. Т. 2. Гл. 5-6. - Испр. и доп. изд. Калининград, 2004. [aleph.rsl.ru]
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