The Emergence of Life

THE EMERGENCE OF LIFE

According to our definition, life is a way of existence of material objects capable of regulating the level of average daily mechanical stress and reproducing similar entities (2004Архипов-БалтийскийСВ). As can be seen, in the given definition there is no reference to protein bodies and organic compounds. Life as a special qualitative state of matter is fundamentally possible not only on the basis of carbon. At the same time, living systems with a different chemistry are unknown, as are extraterrestrial beings.

The oldest potentially biogenic carbon on our planet appeared 4.10±0.01 billion years ago, and the simplest living beings appeared 4.1-3.8 billion years ago (2015BellEA_MaoWL). The split of single-celled, anucleate forms of prokaryotes (Procaryota) into bacteria (Eubacteria) and archaea (Archaebacteria) occurred about 4.0 billion years ago (2002HedgesSB). The oldest stromatolites, which are the remains of cyanobacterial communities (Cyanobacteria), began to form in coastal waters 3.7 billion years ago (2016NutmanAP_ChivasAR). Prokaryotes were already abundant in shallow and deep-sea marine environments by 3.5-3.4 billion years ago, and direct evidence of life dates back 2.9-2.7 billion years (2013Beraldi-CampesiH). Traces of prokaryotic methanotrophs have been found in soil aged 2.765±0.01 billion years (2000RyeR_HollandHD). The first organism with a cell nucleus from the stem group of eukaryotes (Eukaryota) flourished 2.7-2.5 billion years ago (1992HanTM_RunnegarB).

We believe that the acquisition of a nucleus by a cell was a key moment in the evolution of species. Ultimately, mechanical stress, variability and natural selection led to the formation of the hip joint, and in it – the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF).

Stromatolites are calcareous formations of algae Inzeri tjomusi Krylov from the Late Riphean (1600-630 Ma), Southern Urals. Collection of the Orlov Paleontological Museum (Moscow); photo by the author.

References

Архипов-Балтийский СВ. Рассуждение о морфомеханике. Норма. В 2 т. Т. 2. Гл. 5-6. - Испр. и доп. изд. Калининград, 2004. [primo.nlr.ru , aleph.rsl.ru]

Bell EA, Boehnke P, Harrison TM, Mao WL. Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2015;112(47)14518-21. [pnas.org]

Hedges SB. The origin and evolution of model organisms. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2002;3(11)838-49. [nature.com]

Nutman AP, Bennett VC, Friend CR, Van Kranendonk MJ, Chivas AR. Rapid emergence of life shown by discovery of 3,700-million-year-old microbial structures. Nature. 2016;537(7621)535-8. [nature.com]

Beraldi-Campesi H. Early life on land and the first terrestrial ecosystems. Ecological Processes. 2013;2(1)1-17. [link.springer.com]

Rye R, Holland HD. Life associated with a 2.76 Ga ephemeral pond?: Evidence from Mount Roe# 2 paleosol. Geology. 2000;28(6)483-6. [pubs.geoscienceworld.org]

Han TM, Runnegar B. Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science. 1992;257(5067)232-5. [science.org]

«First Life»
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The original text in Russian is available at the link: Появление жизни

NB! Fair practice / use: copied for the purposes of criticism, review, comment, research and private study in accordance with Copyright Laws of the US: 17 U.S.C. §107; Copyright Law of the EU: Dir. 2001/29/EC, art.5/3a,d; Copyright Law of the RU: ГК РФ ст.1274/1.1-2,7

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LCF in 2026 (July)

LCF in 2026 (July ) (Quotes from articles and books published in July 2026 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris) Çetik, R. M., Bakırcıoğlu, S., Büyükdoğan, K., Çağlar, Ö., Atay, Ö. A., & Atilla, B. (2026). Cam-type femoro-acetabular impingement: Mid-term functional results and joint awareness of arthroscopic, mini-open and surgical dislocation techniques. Acta Medica , 57 (2), 123-131. [i] actamedica.org Khan, M. Y., Khan, R., Shaikh, H., Persaud, N. A., Rama, S., & Khan, Y. (2026). Evolution of Hip Arthroscopy in Modern Orthopedic Practice. Cureus , 18 (6). [ii] cureus.com Sanders, W. J., Ji, X. P., & Jablonski, N. G. (2026). New remains of Stegodon zhaotongensis (Proboscidea, Stegodontidae) from the Late Miocene site of Shuitangba, Yunnan Province, China. Journal of Mammalian Evolution , 33 (3), 33. [iii] link.springer.com Randelli, F. (2026...

Vertebrates

VERTEBRATES According to the molecular clock, a specific method for dating phylogenetic events, vertebrates (Vertebrata) separated from arthropods (Arthropoda) 976±97 Ma (2004HedgesSB_ShoeJL). The latter began to dominate in species diversity with the Cambrian burst of radiation, which occurred 520 Ma (2010EdgecombeGD). This ratio in the fauna of the Earth is still preserved. Approximately 525 Ma, the phylum Chordates separated from the group of bilaterally symmetrical animals (1995ChenJY_ZhouGQ). In turn, the evolution of chordate organisms led to the formation of the first vertebrates at least 500 Ma, from which the jawed mouths 450-400 Ma descended, becoming the ancestors of the placoderms or "armored" fish (Placodermi) (1979 НаумовНП _ КарташевНН ). Sculptural reconstruction of the placoderm Coccosteus from the order Arthrodires, Middle Devonian, 393.3-382.7 Ma ; exposition of the Orlov Paleontological Museum (Moscow); photo by the author. The first cartilaginou...

Great Compilation. Chapter 41

English version of the article: Архипов СВ. Книга Берешит как великая компиляция текстов и смыслов Второго переходного периода Египта: пилотная культурологическая, медицинская, археологическая и текстологическая экспертиза преданий против традиционной атрибуции. Введение. О круглой связке бедра . 14.02.2026 . The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2026АрхиповСВ . The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 41 By Sergey V. Arkhipov, MD, PhD CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 41 Analysis [iii] Notes to Chapter 41 [iv] AI Agent's Conclusion [v] Content [vi] External links [vii] Application [i] Abstract The Book of Genesis (Bereshith) was compo...

1605BauhinC

Fragment from the book Bauhin C. Theatrum anatomicum (1605). The author writes about the attachment, function, possible elongation and damage of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). Lameness after dislocation is mentioned and its cause is explained. In the margins of the page are references to the works of other authors Vesalius , Laurens , Arch ang ( Archangelo Piccolomini ??? ) . Quote p. 1244. Liber IV. DE LIGAMENTIS OSSIS ILII & sacri et que in toto pede habentur. CAP. XXXIX. Femur, coxendicis articulo duplici ligamento nectitur; altero communi membrane, articulum orbiculatim ambit, quod Græci [ischos], totius articuli nomine vocarunt; quod cætera, articulos ambientia crassitie, duritie, & robore su perat, cum articulus hic corpus totum sustinere & motus validos perferre debuerit. Hoc articulo & femoris ceruici accumbit & solum radici magni processus orbiculatim adnascitur, quo motus capitis ipsius femoris non impediantur. Alterum ipsius ligamentum teres...

80-58bcApollonius Citiensis

Fragment from the treatise Apollonius Citiensis Commentary on the Hippocrates’ book On Joints ( Περὶ αρθρων π ραγματεὶα , 80-58 BC). The author notes the possibility of damage to the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) during hip dislocation. See our commentary at the link: 80-58bcApollonius Citiensis [Rus], and 2020ArkhipovSV_ProlyginaIV . Quote. [Grc] Περὶ αρθρων π ραγματεὶα . Βιβλιον γ ʹ . (original source: 1965KolleschJ_KudlienF, pp. 86, 88) Translation [Eng] Commentary On Joints ( Commentary on the Hippocrates’ book On Joints). Book 3. If the dislocated and displaced hip could not remain in place, then the physician [Hippocrates] would have clearly indicated the incurability of this case, so that we would not be led astray. Don't those who hold the opposite opinion know about the nature of joints, ligaments and the teachings about these things in general? After all, the physician considered the cause of the mild or, on the contrary, complex displacement and ...

911-612bcK2453

Fragment of the text of clay tablet K 2453 (Nineveh; ca. 911-612 BC; maybe 5000-4000 BC). A recommendation for a ritual or magical act may mention the sheep's ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF). See our commentary at the link: 911-612bcK2453 [Rus]. Quote [Akk] Clay tablet К 2453 (original source: photo by Ashurbanipal Library Project cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de , text: 1906 ThompsonRC , plate. 12). Translation [Eng] Clay tablet К 2453 (reverse ) 42. (if a man’s leg is affected) SA ÚR UDU.NITÁ ša GÙB teleqqe you take the sinew from the left thigh of a sheep ( original source: 1992RothMT , p. 312). ( original source: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de ) External links Clay tablet; CT 23, pl. 05-14, K 02453 + (P365736). Nineveh (mod. Kuyunjik), Neo-Assyrian period (ca. 911-612 BC). [ cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de , ebl.lmu.de ] Thompson RC. Cuneiform Texts. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum. P...

1990HarveyB

Harvey B, sculpture, Jacob wrestling with the angel (ca. 1990). Depicting the circumstances and mechanism of the ligamentum capitis femoris (LCF) injury based on the description in the Book of Genesis: 25 And Ja cob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. 26 And when he saw that he could not pre vail against him, he struck against the hollow of his thigh ; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was put out of joint, as he was wrestling with him. … 33 Therefore do the children of Israel not eat the sinew which shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day; because he struck against the hollow of Jacob's thigh on the sinew that shrank. ( 1922LeeserI , Genesis (Bereshit) 32:25-26,33) More about the plot in our work: Ninth month, eleventh day ( 2024АрхиповСВ. Девятый месяц, одиннадцатый день ). Bessie Harvey – tree root sculpture Jacob Wres tling with the Angel (ca. 1990); original in the high.org collection (Fair...

Great Compilation. Chapter 36

English version of the article: Архипов СВ. Книга Берешит как великая компиляция текстов и смыслов Второго переходного периода Египта: пилотная культурологическая, медицинская, археологическая и текстологическая экспертиза преданий против традиционной атрибуции. Введение. О круглой связке бедра . 14.02.2026 . The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2026АрхиповСВ . The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 36 By Sergey V. Arkhipov, MD, PhD CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 36 Analysis [iii] Notes to Chapter 36 [iv] AI Agent's Conclusion [v] Content [vi] External links [vii] Application [i] Abstract The Book of Genesis (Bereshith) was compo...

Great Compilation. Chapter 32

English version of the article: Архипов СВ. Книга Берешит как великая компиляция текстов и смыслов Второго переходного периода Египта: пилотная культурологическая, медицинская, археологическая и текстологическая экспертиза преданий против традиционной атрибуции. Введение. О круглой связке бедра . 14.02.2026 . The text in Russian is available at the following link: 2026АрхиповСВ . The Book of Genesis as a Great Compilation of Texts and Meanings from the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: A Pilot Culturological, Medical, Archaeological, and Textological Examination of the Legends versus Traditional Attribution. Chapter 32 By Sergey V. Arkhipov, MD, PhD CONTENT [i] Abstract [ii] Book of Genesis. Chapter 32 Analysis [iii] Notes to Chapter 32 [iv] AI Agent's Conclusion [v] Content [vi] External links [vii] Application [i] Abstract The Book of Genesis (Bereshith) was compo...

50 TABLES OF EVIDENCE

Ancient Egypt is the birthplace of the Book of Genesis Arkhipov S.V. 50 Tables of Evidence for the Composition of Genesis in Late Second Intermediate Period Egypt: The Protograph Before the Oral Tradition. Joensuu : Author's Edition, 2026. GGKEY: ZPYTRNR69CB https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=Dw7PEQAAQBAJ http://books.google.com/books/about?id=Dw7PEQAAQBAJ ASIN: B0GXWTLSLK https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0GXWTLSLK Synopsis This monograph presents a fundamental revision of the dating and origin of the Book of Genesis , challenging the dominant hypothesis, which dates the text to the mid-first millennium BCE. Through a systematic analysis presented in 50 comparative tables, the author argues that the protograph of Genesis was a deliberate literary compilation created in Egypt during the late Second Intermediate Period (ca. 17th–16th centuries BCE), shortly after the Minoan eruption. The core of the research concerns the non-oral origin of the text. By ident...

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