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LCF in 2025 (October)

 

LCF in 2025 (October) 

(Quotes from articles and books published in October 2025 mentioning the ligamentum capitis femoris) 

 

Sen, S., & Ray, S. (2025). Taxonomic reassessment of archosaurs with dinosaurian affinities from the lower fauna of the Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of India and their significance. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e2546434.  [i]  tandfonline.com

 

Chitoglou, K., Pandolfi, L., Konidaris, G. E., & Kostopoulos, D. S. (2025). Early Pleistocene rhinoceroses (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from Northern Greece: biochronological and paleobiogeographic implications: K. Chitoglou et al. PalZ, 1-28.  [ii]  link.springer.com

 

Chen, Y., Li, J., Lin, J., Miao, Y., Yin, J., Li, G., & Zhang, C. (2025). Cystic lesions in osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a comparative analysis of 3D distribution, microstructure, and histology. Bone & Joint Research, 14(10), 820-831.  [iii]  boneandjoint.org.uk

 

Venglar, B. M. (2025). Physical Therapy Considerations in the Management of Individuals With Non-Arthritic Sources of Hip and Shoulder Symptoms: Examination Sequence, Treatment, and Potential Barriers to the Restoration of Function (Doctoral dissertation, Oakland University).  [iv]  proquest.com

 

Ina, J., Cabarcas, B., Kang, L., Okoroha, K. R., Levy, B. A., Krych, A. J., & Hevesi, M. (2025). Intra-and periarticular hip anatomy through the arthroscope. Journal of Cartilage & Joint Preservation, 100268.  [v]  sciencedirect.com

 

He, M. C., Gu, B. N., Peng, P., Zhang, Q. W., Wei, Q. S., & He, W. (2025). Autograft bone grafting via surgical hip dislocation for collapsed necrotic femoral head: a mid-term retrospective study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 26(1), 943.  [vi]  link.springer.com

 

Teng, J., Li, B., Zhao, X., Wang, K., Ren, L., Xie, H., ... & Ren, L. (2025). Bioinspired 3D braided artificial ligament with human-like mechanical properties and self-healing capability. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 13, 1701754.  [vii]  frontiersin.org

 

Doering, M., Garcia, M. S., Schiefelbein, J. H., Kerber, L., & Müller, R. T. (2025). New tetrapod remains help constrain the age of a peculiar assemblage, including early dinosaurs and pterosaur precursors, from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e2552552.  [viii]  tandfonline.com

 

Elhence, A., Yadav, S. K., Aggarwal, A., Singh, M., & Gavaskar, A. S. (2025). The double floating extremity phenomenon: case studies and evidence-based perspectives. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, 35(1), 428.  [ix]  link.springer.com

 

Robba, T., Papa, F. P., De Iuliis, M., & La Paglia, E. (2025). Scoring systems for osteoarthritis of the hip in radiology. Journal of Medical Imaging and Interventional Radiology, 12(1), 37.  [x]  link.springer.com

 

Ramadanov, N., Voss, M., Heinz, M., Hable, R., Prill, R., Becker, R., & Banke, I. J. (2025). Capsular management strategies in hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome: A multilevel meta‐analysis. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy.  [xi]   esskajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com

 

Uppstrom, T. J., Khilnani, T. K., Trotzky, Z., Jochl, O., Spiker, A. M., Williams, R. J., ... & Sink, E. L. (2025). Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation of the Femoral Head via Surgical Hip Dislocation: Survivorship and Patient Reported Outcome Measures at Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(10), 23259671251385115.   [xii]  journals.sagepub.com

 

Huang, S., Cheng, X., Gao, S., Huang, X., Liu, Y., Feng, C., & Su, Y. (2025). Femoral head vascular status in early-stage Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease assessed by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with the contralateral side. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 20(1), 533.  [xiii]  link.springer.com

 

Bal, Z., & Takakura, N. (2025, October). ELUCIDATING THE CHANGES IN VASCULAR STRUCTURES IN A NOVEL SMALL ANIMAL TRAUMA MODEL FOR OSTEONECROSIS OF THE FEMORAL HEAD. In Orthopaedic Proceedings (Vol. 107, No. SUPP_9, pp. 77-77). Bone & Joint.  [xiv]  boneandjoint.org.uk

 

Yönez, M. K., Alpman, U., Aslan, N. E., Bahar, F. İ., & Alpman, E. (2025). Measurement of the Norberg Angle Using Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosing Canine Hip Dysplasia. Hip.  [xv]  pvj.com.pk

 

Thompson, K., & Quinn, C. (2025). Epidemiology of Sports-related Injuries in Female Athletes. Clinics in Sports Medicine.  [xvi] sportsmed.theclinics.com

 

Saini, J., Kaushik, N., Jain, P., Kumar, J., Singh, B., SAINI, J., ... & SINGH, B. (2025). Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Orthopedic Disorders: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus, 17(10).  [xvii]  assets.cureus.com

 

[Ru] Дайджест публикаций о ligamentum capitis femoris:


NB! Fair practice / use: copied for the purposes of criticism, review, comment, research and private study in accordance with Copyright Laws of the US: 17 U.S.C. §107; Copyright Law of the EU: Dir. 2001/29/EC, art.5/3a,d; Copyright Law of the RU: ГК РФ ст.1274/1.1-2,7

  

[i] Dinosaur Alwalkeria maleriensis … femoral head [has] sulcus for ligamentum captis femoris; 

In posterior aspect, the proximal femur bears a shallow sulcus for attachment of the ligament capitis femoris as in Staurikosaurus pricei …

  

[ii] Femur. In proximal view, the shape of the femoral head of TSR-F18-56 (Fig. 12n, o) is rounded, and slightly transversally elongated. It has a clear ligament fossa located at the posterior and medial part.

  

[iii] In the early stages of OA, increased stress on the medial cartilage, potentially exacerbated by factors such as injuries to the ligamentum teres, may contribute to cyst development.51

51. Akiyama K , Sakai T , Koyanagi J , Yoshikawa H , Sugamoto K . Evaluation of translation in the normal and dysplastic hip using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based registration . Osteoarthritis Cartilage . 2011 ; 19 ( 6 ): 700 – 710 .

  

[iv] Неартритная боль в тазобедренном суставе включала в себя диагнозы: FAI, дисплазия, разрывы суставной губы, хондральные поражения и разрывы круглой связки.

 

[v] 

Fig. 1. Left hip specimen demonstrating the anterior and anterolateral hip capsule (dotted outline), which is, A, taught in hip extension, and subsequently, B, demonstrates relaxation of fibers (asterisk) with flexion, abduction, and external rotation. AIIS, anterior inferior iliac spine; ASIS, anterior superior iliac spine. (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)


Fig. 2. A, Right hip demonstrating an arthroscopic view of the indirect head of the rectus tendon as it wraps around the anterolateral capsule. The rectus tendon (white dotted outline) can be used as a template, performing an interportal capsulotomy approximately 5 mm distal and parallel to the tendon (red dotted line) to gain safe intra-articular access. B, Cadaveric dissection of a right hip demonstrating the parallel nature of the indirect head of the rectus tendon, underlying capsule, and acetabular labrum. (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

 

Fig. 3. A, Cadaveric dissection of a right hip demonstrating the circumferential nature of the acetabular labrum, confluence of the anterior and posterior labrum with the transverse acetabular ligament, and the iliopsoas-U (asterisk). B, Subsequent intraoperative arthroscopic view of a right hip demonstrating the acetabulum and iliopsoas-U, visualized at the anterior aspect of the joint near the 3:00 position. View obtained from the anterolateral portal. (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

 

Ligamentum teres

The ligamentum teres is a remnant of the artery of the ligamentum teres present in the developing proximal femur that supplies the secondary ossification center of the femoral head.29 The ligamentum teres is a tubular structure that lies between the inferior aspect of the acetabulum and the fovea of the femoral head (Fig. 5). On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation, the ligamentum has an overall length of 28 mm and is approximately 3- to 4-mm thick and gradually tapers from proximal to distal.30 In adulthood, this structure continues to function as a secondary stabilizer of the hip that tightens during hip abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation and may prevent microinstability of the hip joint.31, 32 In addition to its function as a secondary stabilizer, it has been proposed that the ligamentum teres continues to have a role in femoral head proprioception and nociception.33 Injury to the ligamentum teres can occur secondary to trauma, degeneration, or impingement and can be seen as complete tears, partial tears, or degenerative changes that result in pain and microinstability. A retrospective study by Perumal et al reported identification of a ligamentum teres lesion on hip arthroscopy resulted in poorer patient-reported outcomes as well as an increased likelihood of conversion to total hip arthroplasty within 2 years, highlighting the potential biomechanical importance of the ligamentum in hip function.34

29. S.M. Chung. The arterial supply of the developing proximal end of the human femur J Bone Jt Surg Am, 58 (7) (1976), pp. 961-970

30. D.G. Blankenbaker, A.A. De Smet, J.S. Keene, A.M. del Rio. Imaging appearance of the normal and partially torn ligamentum teres on hip MR arthrography. Am J Roentgenol, 199 (5) (2012), pp. 1093-1098, 10.2214/AJR.12.8630

31. R.L. Martin, B.R. Kivlan, F.R. Clemente. A cadaveric model for ligamentum teres function: a pilot study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 21 (7) (2013), pp. 1689-1693, 10.1007/s00167-012-2262-5

32. J.Y. Wu, W. Li, L.Y. Xu, G. Zheng, X.D. Chen, C. Shen. Ligamentum teres tears and increased combined anteversion are associated with hip microinstability in patients with borderline dysplasia. Arthroscopy, 40 (3) (2024), pp. 745-751, 10.1016/j.arthro.2023.06.041

33. L. Cerezal, A. Kassarjian, A. Canga, et al. Anatomy, biomechanics, imaging, and management of ligamentum teres injuries. RadioGraphics, 30 (6) (2010), pp. 1637-1651, 10.1148/rg.306105516

34. V. Perumal, S.J. Woodley, H.D. Nicholson, M.J. Brick, C.J. Bacon. Ligamentum teres lesions are associated with poorer patient outcomes in a large primary hip arthroscopy cohort of 1,935 patients. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil, 4 (4) (2022), pp. e1363-e1372, 10.1016/j.asmr.2022.04.024

 

Fig. 5. A, Cadaveric dissection of a right hip demonstrating the ligamentum teres (black asterisk) as it connects the inferior aspect of the acetabulum and the femoral head fovea. B, Arthroscopic intra-articular view from the anterolateral portal demonstrating an intact ligamentum teres (white asterisk). (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

 

Fig. 6. A, Coronal T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequence demonstrating the zona orbicularis (white arrows) as it encircles the narrowest portion of the femoral neck. B, Arthroscopic view of a right hip from the modified anterior portal demonstrating the zona orbicularis (white asterisk) as it encircles the underlying femoral neck. View in 45° of hip flexion. C and D, Cadaveric dissection demonstrating an intrapelvic view of the zona orbicularis and cut femoral neck in a left hip, demonstrating C, decreased tension about the zona orbicularis (white asterisk) in 45° of hip flexion, with resultant potential space between the capsule and femoral neck and D, tightened circumferential fibers (white asterisk) directly abutting the femoral neck in full hip extension. (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)


 

Fig. 7. A, Fluoroscopic arthrogram outlining both the medial (dashed arrow) and lateral (solid arrow) retinacular folds and vessels. B, Intra-articular view of a right hip from the modified anterior portal demonstrating the lateral retinacular vessels (white asterisk) as they pass from distal to proximal adjacent to the zona orbicularis. (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

 

Fig. 9. Native communication between the hip and iliopsoas bursa, as demonstrated on a, A, fluoroscopically guided arthrogram and, B, subsequently on axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. White arrow denotes area of communication in anterior hip capsule. (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) 


[vi] The joint capsule was incised by the shape of “Z”, and round ligament was cut to make the femoral head dislocate forward (Fig. 1C). … After washing the joint cavity, the affected hip was reduced by traction and the joint capsule was sutured.

 

[vii] 

Figure 1. Self-healing ligament. (a) The hierarchical architecture of natural ligaments. (b) The hybrid artificial ligament integrating SMA wires and polyethylene fishing line. (c) The DSC measurements of the SMA material. (d) DMA characterization of the SMA material. Uniaxial tensile hysteresis testing of the (e) fish line and (f) SMA materials. 

 

[viii] Upper Triassic…  There is also no distinct longitudinal sulcus in the proximal surface of the femoral head.

 

[ix] The vascular supply of the femoral head is primarily derived from the medial femoral circumflex artery through the posterior retinacular branches, with minor contributions from the lateral femoral circumflex system and the artery of ligamentum teres [22, 23]

 

[x] Lastly, abnormalities of the ligamentum teres are graded from 0 (normal) to 3 (complete tear), with intermediate categories for signal abnormality or fraying (1) and partial tear (2).

 

[xi] Hip arthroscopy (HAS) often requires capsular management to access and treat labral, ligamentum teres, acetabular rim, or femoral head–neck pathology.

 

[xii] The surgical hip dislocation (SHD), in its current technique utilizing a trochanteric flip osteotomy, was first described by Ganz in 2001.11 This procedure offers full access to the hip and allows the surgeon to both address cartilage lesions and other concomitant intra-articular pathology—including cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) or pincer lesions, labral tears, loose bodies, et cetera. However, this procedure requires disruption of the ligamentum teres. It may result in microtrauma to the labrum or compromise of the vascular supply, with the potential for AVN or microinstability, although further research is required. 

 

[xiii] In angiographic studies, Atsumi et al. also showed that the ligamentum teres artery plays an important role in blood supply reconstruction in patients with LCPD (Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease) [17]. Morris et al. reported on the medial and lateral perfusion in patients with LCPD using perfusion MRI [18].

The cartilaginous vessels in the posterior and anterior parts were significantly fewer than those in the lateral and medial parts. Increases in the vessels anterior to the FH (femoral head) are rare. This could be because these two parts are farther away from the main blood supply ranges of the LEA (lateral epiphyseal artery) and ligamentum teres artery.

17. Atsumi T, Yoshihara S, Hiranuma Y. Revascularization of the artery of the ligamentum teres in Perthes disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;386210–7. doi.org 10.1097/00003086-200105000-00027.

18. Morris WZ, Valencia AA, McGuire MF, Kim H. The role of the artery of ligamentum Teres in revascularization in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 2022;42(4):175–8. doi.org 10.1097/BPO.0000000000002061.

  

[xiv] Left femoral head (FH) was dislocated from hip joint, ligamentum teres was cut in 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice to disrupt the blood supply to FH.

 

[xv] Cartilage degeneration, thickening of the joint capsule, stretching or rupture of the femoral head ligament, proliferation of the dorsal acetabular rim, thickening of the femoral neck, and local muscle atrophy are characteristic features of advanced hip dysplasia.

 

[xvi] Due to hyperphysiologic mobility required of the hip joint, damage … [in] … dancers include snapping syndromes of the hip, synovitis, and ligamentum teres injuries.

 

[xvii] With directvisualization [arthroscopic-assist], intra-articular obstructions, including hypertrophied ligamentum teres, pulvinar tissue, or inverted labrum, can be dealt with before reduction, obviating the necessity of widespread open dissection.

 

                                                                    

Author:

Arkhipov S.V. – candidate of medical sciences, surgeon, traumatologist-orthopedist. 


Keywords

ligamentum capitis femoris, ligamentum teres, ligament of head of femur, history 

 


                                                                                                                      

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